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Technical Textiles
Published in Asit Baran Samui, Smart Polymers, 2022
A.K. Sidharth, Junaid Parkar, Ravindra Kale, Ramanand Jagtap
A binder is required in the formulation to hold all the ingredients together and form the film. It is a mandatory component; regardless of the presence or absence of other components, it is essential because it produces the desired properties of the final paint film. The binder gives protection to the substrate as well as the components within the film. It also influences vital properties such as flexibility, durability, gloss, and toughness. The binder consists of one or more polymer systems or basic resin (synthetic or natural resin). Typical types of binders include polyurethanes, polyesters, acrylics, melamine resins, silicates, oils, epoxies, depending upon the substrate and film characteristics required. The binders are categorized as per curing mechanism or drying.
Surfactants and emulsion polymerisation: an industrial perspective
Published in David R. Karsa, Surfactants in Polymers, Coatings, Inks and Adhesives, 2020
Non-wovens are materials that maintain their stability by bonding between the fibres rather than by a regular interwoven structure produced by mechanical means. Appropriate fibres may be thermally bonded but a wider variety of fibres may be used with a latex binder. Latex binder may be applied by an impregnation, spraying or printing technique. For lightweight non-wovens, which are used for wiping cloths and some interlinings, a latex binder is usually applied by an impregnation process. Polymer requirements include wash and dry-clean resistance. This is achieved by incorporation of a monomer containing a self-reactive group that can undergo some condensation reaction during the drying process. The commonest monomer used for this purpose is N-methylolacrylamide, but other monomers are finding application owing to the industry’s demands for lower formaldehyde emissions. N-Methylolacrylamide in conjunction with sulfate endgroups is reputed to enhance the stability of latex [56]. Acrylic copolymers are used for interliners on account of their superior solvent resistance and colour. Certain applications in sanitary fabrics require heat sealability, which is best supplied by a vinyl acetate copolymer. Styrene–butadiene copolymers are found more in wiper cloths because of their soft handle, economy and water resistance. Surfactants are often added to the latex as the cloths must be wettable but not produce smears in use. Similarly, non-wovens used as wet wipes must allow the fluid to wick into the fabric. Emulsions must be grit free. Sulfosuccinates are frequently used in this application.
Materials and components for masonry
Published in Peter Domone, John Illston, Construction Materials, 2018
The binder is the component that binds together mixtures of sands, aggregates, fillers, plasticisers, pigments, etc. used to make mortars, concrete units, sandlime units and grouts. Widely used binders are based on one of: hydraulic cements, which react chemically with water at normal factory/site temperatureslime–silica mixtures, which react only in the presence of high-pressure steamlime–pozzolan mixtures, which set slowly at ambient temperatures, or pure lime which sets slowly in air by carbonation.
Optimization of composite binder for Lignite powder briquetting
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Zhenkun Guo, Kening Chen, JIan Li, Dazhi Zhang, Jianjun Wu, Yixin Zhang
Briquette technology belongs to the category of clean coal technology(Deniz 2013; Guo et al. 2020b, 2020c; Taulbee et al. 2009). It is one of the necessary ways to achieve the efficient use of coal resources in the world(De Girolamo et al. 2018; Sun et al. 2014). The development of efficient binders is the key to briquette technology(Guo et al. 2020a). So far, the used binders mainly include inorganic, organic and composite binders(Salleh et al. 2015; Seyed, Makhloufi, and Bederina 2016). The main characteristics of inorganic binders are low cost and wide sources, such as lime, clay and cement. These briquettes made of inorganic binders have higher thermal stability, but the ash content is higher. Organic binder has good bonding performance and the ash content is low, which can also be modified to improve the water resistance of the briquette(Deniz 2013). Composite binders can combine the advantages of single binder, thereby improving the quality of the briquette(Muazu and Stegemann 2017; Wang et al. 2020). In recent years, composite binders have been the mainstream of the development of briquette binders(Onchieku, Chikamai, and Rao 2012; Zhang, Sun, and Xu 2018). At the same time, in order to improve the combustion properties of briquettes, the research and development of additives such as sulfur-fixed agents, combustion aids and oxidants are extremely important(Tosun 2007). Many scholars are committed to the study of binders, but the cost is high or the source is inconvenient(Qiu et al. 2004).
Performance evaluation of Nano wood ashes in asphalt binder and mixture
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Muhammad Ahsan Nisar, Syed Bilal Ahmed Zaidi, Ayyaz Fareed, Juan S. Carvajal-Munoz, Imtiaz Ahmed
Nanotechnology has gained importance in various engineering fields, including pavement engineering, due to its distinctive and unique approach towards fundamental modification that can be used to improve materials’ characteristics and performance under varying testing conditions in laboratory experiments and real scenarios. Nanotechnology is also applied to improve cement concrete (Raki et al. 2010, Sanchez and Sobolev, 2010). Therefore, Nanotechnology's application for the development and tailored manufacturing of Nanomaterials for materials’ modification and performance improvements of the traditional binder has gained significant attention from the research community (Li et al. 2017). Li et al. (2017) stated that the blending of Nanomaterials with control asphalt might significantly improve constituents’ specific properties within control asphalt mixture (e.g. visco-elastic behaviour, rutting resistance, ageing resistance, fatigue resistance and moisture damage resistance). Researchers have also used Nano metal oxides and Nano inorganic materials for modifying traditional binder. Among these, oxides such as Nano-ZnO, Nano-SiO2 and Nano-TiO2 have been found to increase the rutting resistance of traditional binder with a negligible negative impact on the low-temperature performance (Fang et al. 2013, Li et al. 2015, Shafabakhsh and Ani 2015, Hafeez et al. 2019).
Effect of inorganic and organic additives on coal combustion: a review
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2021
Coal briquetting technology is used to utilize coal fines which involves low-pressure agglomeration by using a binder, which was first prepared using coal tar origin that binds the particles together. Blend of waste coal fine with coal can also be prepared before combustion to be utilized in boiler operation, but often the coal fines get separated out during handling process and cause separate particles to enter the boiler. Das et al. (2015) has used agglomeration technique to utilize low-grade coals along with discarded coal fines. Agglomeration technology is a low-cost briquette manufacturing process, but cannot be used in making a small-size product. Composite fuel made out of coal fines and biomass mixture is a briquetting technology used to produce alternate fuel which can replace the direct use of coal lumps and has shown improved combustion properties. Blesa et al. (2001) has prepared a smokeless briquette fuel by making a composite from coal and biomass. Pyrolysis method was performed to study the effect on physicochemical and mechanical properties of the composite fuel. Organic and inorganic binder materials were selected to prepare coal briquette and was combusted to analyze for its combustion characteristics (Altun, Hicyilmaz, and Bagci 2003). Selection of any specific binder material depends predominantly on the cost and product quality required (Kriech 2003). Many processes have been patented and implemented by the authors for utilization of waste coal fines with a binder material to produce synthetic fuel and studied its combustion characteristics.