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What Is Precision Medicine? A Primer on Contemporary Issues and Concerns
Published in Shaker A. Mousa, Raj Bawa, Gerald F. Audette, The Road from Nanomedicine to Precision Medicine, 2020
Kadija Ferryman, Mikaela Pitcan
In addition to personalized medicine, a related term, pharmacogenomics, is sometimes used as a synonym. Pharmacogenomics examines how genomic and pharmacologic information can be used together to guide medication prescription and dosing decisions. For example, researchers have identified how variations in a particular gene affect the way people metabolize painkillers [9]. This is an example of how genomic information can be used to guide dosing in medical care, and since it is based on an individual’s genotype, it is personalized. Because pharmacogenomics uses genomic information in an individualized way, the two terms are semantically linked. However, personalized medicine was meant to be a more expansive term within the medical literature, including the use of genomic information to guide drug dosing, but also the ability to locate and use genomic information about disease risk to guide health care.
Precision Medicine
Published in Paul Cerrato, John Halamka, Reinventing Clinical Decision Support, 2020
This type of program seems like a lifetime away for most physicians and patients who would benefit from PGx testing now. The US Food and Drug Administration publishes a list of more than 160 drugs that contain pharmacogenomic information in their package inserts. In the preface to the drug list, it states: “Pharmacogenomics can play an important role in identifying responders and non-responders to medications, avoiding adverse events, and optimizing drug dose. Drug labeling may contain information on genomic biomarkers and can describe: Drug exposure and clinical response variabilityRisk for adverse eventsGenotype-specific dosing
Ethics in the Era of Precision Medicine
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
Precision medicine holds out the prospect of reducing adverse drug reactions through advances in pharmacogenomics (such as targeted therapeutics tailored to the specific genomic signature of a particular cancer) and creating personalized or patient-specific health protocols based on genetic markers and individualized assessment of disease risk (Collins and Varmus 2015, Chawla and Davis 2013, Jain 2009). Proponents claim that precision medicine will promote increased effectiveness in healthcare delivery due to reductions in overall healthcare expenditures that will result from increases in the use of effective interventions (and the correlate reduction in ineffective interventions). Further improvements will result from the reduction in patient care burden that adverse drug reactions generate (Jain 2009). In short, precision medicine will promote “the right treatment to the right patient at the right time” (IMI 2014), shifting away from the “one size fits all” model of traditional medicine that relied upon a trial-and-error or blockbuster approach to diagnosis and treatment (Yousif et al. 2016).
Gene doping: Present and future
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Rebeca Araujo Cantelmo, Alessandra Pereira da Silva, Celso Teixeira Mendes-Junior, Daniel Junqueira Dorta
Within the scope of omics technologies, genomics is the technique that has drawn the greatest attention and which could greatly impact gene doping. Genomics associated with pharmacology (pharmacogenomics) seeks to make an ideal concept in the health field real: developing “tailor-made” medicines for each individual. However, advancement of this technology could constitute a major challenge to anti-doping organizations. Besides improved gene doping, a new group of athletes could arise: athletes that possess more characteristics manipulated by science than the endogenous characteristics of their own organism; in other words, athletes that are the product of science (Haisma & de Hon, 2006; Huard, Li, Peng, & Fu, 2003).