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Exotic Solar Technologies
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Solar Technologies for the 21st Century, 2021
Presently hydrogen is generated by several commercial methods: Steam reforming uses natural gas, or methane mixed with steam, where the mixture is exposed to very high temperatures (700-1100°C) to react and release syngas (mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide).Partial oxidation is a process that occurs when a sub-stoichiometric fuel-air mixture is partially combusted in a reformer, creating a hydrogen-rich syngas. Thermal partial oxidation and catalytic partial oxidation are different types of processes, but which produce the same syngas mixture.Plasma reforming is a high power plasma method conducted in a plasma reactor. It is used for the production of hydrogen and carbon black from crude oil.Coal gasification and carbonization are processes that convert coal into syngas and methane via low and high temperature processes.
Future Power Generation And the Environment
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Power Generation and the Environment, 2021
Presently hydrogen is generated by several commercial methods: Steam reforming uses natural gas, or methane mixed with steam, where the mixture is exposed to very high temperatures (700–1100°C) to react and release syngas (mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide).Partial oxidation is a process that occurs when a sub-stoichiometric fuel-air mixture is partially combusted in a reformer, creating a hydrogen-rich syngas. There are thermal partial oxidations, and catalytic partial oxidations, different types of processes that produce the same syngas mixture.Plasma reforming is a high-power plasma method conducted in a plasma reactor. It is used for the production of hydrogen and carbon black from crude oil.Coal gasification and carbonization are processes that convert coal into syngas and methane via low and high temperature processes.
Combustion Chemistry
Published in David A. Lewandowski, Design of Thermal Oxidation Systems for Volatile Organic Compounds, 2017
Partial oxidation occurs when substoichiometric (less than theoretical) amounts of oxygen are added to a combustion process. Here, the oxygen supplied to the combustion system is insufficient for combustion of all the organic compounds present. There are times when this may be done purposely. For example, as described in more detail in Chapter 11, it may be beneficial to first partially oxidize any waste gases containing nitrogen species. In this way, most of the nitrogen is converted to innocuous molecular nitrogen gas (N2) rather than NOx, a pollutant itself. The partial oxidation is followed by injection of additional air/oxygen in a downstream section of the thermal oxidizer to oxidize the partial combustion products (e.g., CO, H2).
Numerical and experimental investigation of partial oxidation of methane in a porous media to achieve optimum hydrogen production
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Mohammad Reza Shahnazari, Mir Hedayat Moosavi, Ali Saberi
Hydrogen can be generated from solid or liquid forms of hydrocarbon fuels using partial oxidation, steam reforming, and auto-thermal reforming (Vielstich, Lamm, and Gasteiger 2004). One can also obtain hydrogen sulfide from water using methods like electrolysis and catalytic and non-catalytic decomposition (Kaloidas and Papayannakos 1987). Steam reforming is an endothermic process in which hydrocarbon fuels combine with steam at high temperature in the presence of a catalyst, and it has the highest hydrogen production efficiency. Partial oxidation is an exothermic process, which occurs when hydrocarbons react with a low ratio of oxygen and creates hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which are suitable to be used in high-temperature fuel cells. This process occurs in either the presence or absence of a catalyst (Al-Hamamre, Voss, and Trimis 2009). Auto-thermal reforming is a combination of steam reforming and partial oxidation (Lee et al. 2011). Compared with other methods, the partial oxidation technology has certain advantages; for instance, there is no need for an external heat source or any fluids like water, it has better dynamic response time, and finally both light and heavy hydrocarbons can be used as input feeds. Less sensitivity to the fuel and better response time make this process suitable to be used with different thermal loads (Mitchell 1996) (Cross 1999). The partial oxidation process can be carried out by using a catalyst or without it. When it is done in the presence of a catalyst, it has proper performance in terms of the burner’s efficiency, is completely sensitive to variation of input fuel, and there is a possibility of producing toxic gases (Pen˜a, Gómez, and Fierro 1996). Using partial oxidation without a catalyst has benefits over catalytic partial oxidation, such as reducing costs and having a burner with higher strength. Partial oxidation without using a catalyst is called thermal partial oxidation (TPOx), which is considered to be an important process in yielding hydrogen (Weinberg 1971).