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Control of Motor Vehicle Emissions
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
Gasolines may contain additives such as Pb, Mn, or oxygenates. The use of Pb in gasolines has been restricted in many countries to minimize damage to catalytic converters and to safeguard public health. Nevertheless, it is still used in a number of developing countries. A Mn-containing compound, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), is used in some countries as an octane booster. Refiners have promoted its octane-boosting potential and requested its approval in the United States. Because of public health concerns, the U.S. EPA has declined to approve its use. Oxygenates are used in the United States to boost gasoline octane ratings and decrease emissions of CO.
Gasoline
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
In the 1990s, the EPA required a special type of gasoline in areas that did not meet ambient ozone standards. The gasoline is known as reformulated gasoline, and one of the requirements was that it contains an oxygenate, such as MTBE or ethanol. Oxygenates are molecules containing oxygen atoms that enhance octane rating and allow for a more complete burn of the gasoline, reducing unburned hydrocarbon molecules in exhaust emissions. Ethers such as MTBE and ethanol are the two most commonly used oxygenates globally. In 2018, about 95% of all U.S. gasoline contained 10% ethanol to meet the federal specification for use of renewables. The use of MTBE in U.S. gasoline has ceased due to many state laws and bans, but is still used in Europe and elsewhere.
Environmental Chemistry
Published in Benjamin Alter, Environmental Consulting Fundamentals, 2019
The use of oxygenates in gasoline began in the 1980s and accelerated into the 1990s after the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The role of oxygenates is to enable gasoline to burn more cleanly and create less carbon monoxide emissions, thereby reducing smog. One oxygenate, MTBE, is discussed in Section 4.5.2.1.
A comparative study on the corrosion behaviour of welded and un-welded API 5L X70 steel in simulated fuel grade ethanol
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
O. O. Joseph, O. S. I. Fayomi, Olakunle O. Joseph, S. A. Afolalu, M. P. Mubaiyi, O. N. Olotu, J. O. Fashola
Alcohol fuels have been around for years, typically mixed with gasoline in a blend (also known as gasohol). E10 (10% ethanol to 90% gasoline) can be used in any internal combustion engine, and many oil companies already blend their fuels that way (Rangel et al., 2016). E10 reduces greenhouse gases by up to 3.9% (Basanta & Ajit, 2016). The use of these fuels in higher proportion requires modification to the fuel storage and delivery systems on cars and trucks. E85, a mixture of 85% ethanol to 15% gasoline, can be used in flex-fuel vehicles. Car enthusiasts have modified their vehicles to run on ethanol or methanol alone, with mixed results. This E85 can reduce the net emissions of greenhouse gases by as much as 37.1%, which is a significant amount. Ethanol, when used as a gasoline additive, serves both as an octane enhancer and oxygenate to promote complete combustion and reduce harmful emissions (Maldonado & Sridhar, 2007).
Emission reduction on ethanol–gasoline blend using cerium oxide nanoparticles as fuel additive
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2018
C. Ananda Srinivasan, C. G. Saravanan, M. Gopalakrishnan
To overcome this problem, some countries have been using alcohol as their main vehicle fuel. Oxygenates can enhance fuel combustion and thereby reduce exhaust emissions. Oxygenated fuel works by allowing the gasoline in vehicles to burn more completely. Ethanol is a renewable fuel. Ethanol can be employed as a transportation fuel even in its original form and can also be easily blended with fuels such as gasoline. Alcohol such as ethanol, a colorless liquid with mild characteristic odor, can also be produced from fermentation of biomass. Usage of alcohol as fuel for SI engine has some advantages when compared to gasoline. Ethanol has better antiknock characteristics than gasoline. The engine thermal efficiency can be improved with the increase in compression ratio (Keith and Trevor 1995).
Analysis of emission reduction in ethyne–biodiesel-aspirated diesel engine
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
Anderson Arul Gnana Dhas, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Beemkumar Nagappan
Alternative fuels secure energy conservation, environmental preservation, efficiency, and sustainable development. Utilizing alternate fuels leads to significant reduction in all the emissions from diesel and gasoline engines (Devarajan, Nagappan, and Munuswamy 2017a; Starik et al. 2017). The major oxygenate fuels, namely, ethyl esters, methyl esters, and vegetable oils obtained from various oils sources and light alcohols, are an active area of investigation as an alternative to diesel and gasoline fuels. Biodiesel from edible and nonedible source seems to be a potential candidate owing to its renewable nature and easier availability (Devarajan, Kumar, and Ragupathy 2016; Santhosh and Padmanaban 2014). Liquid fuels such as biofuels are found to be a potential alternative fuel on account of storage, availability, and handling (Devarajan et al., 2017; Ozgur, Ozcanli, and Aydin 2014; Venkata Ramanan and Yuvarajan 2016). However, poor atomization and high viscosity of biofuels cause incomplete combustion (Amarnath et al. 2014; Ulusoy et al. 2014; Vedharaj et al. 2014). Moreover, a complete substitute for biofuels is complex in existing engines (Aggarwal, Fu, and Wijeyakulasuriya 2014).