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Smart Delivery Systems for Personal Care and Cosmetic Products
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
The encapsulation of UV absorbers also receives significant attention from the academic community. Weiss-Angeli et al.24 reported the preparation of nanocapsules of octyl methoxycinnamate and quercetin (3,3’,4’,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone dehydrate) through the interfacial deposition of polymer approach. Quercetin acts as a reactive oxygen species (ROS scavenger) and helps to further stabilize the UV absorber. Under UVA irradiation, co-nanoencapsulation provides better stabilization than the nanoencapsulation of the individual components. do Nascimento et al.25 reported the preparation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanoparticles of UV absorbers by the solvent emulsification and evaporation method. The UV absorbers in this study included 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3, and octocrylene. The nanoparticles were characterized extensively for their particle size, polydispersity index, morphology, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and UV absorber content. Also, the safety, photostability, and performance of these nanoparticles were evaluated.
Urban Sources of Micropollutants: from the Catchment to the Lake
Published in Nathalie Chèvre, Andrew Barry, Florence Bonvin, Neil Graham, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer, Luca Rossi, Torsten Vennemann, Micropollutants in Large Lakes, 2018
Jonas Margot, Luca Rossi, D. A. Barry
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are fequently utilised in sunscreen agents and cosmetics to protect against sunburn or as preservatives to prevent UV degradation of other cosmetics ingredients. They enter aquatic environments either directly during recreational activity (bathing in lakes and rivers) or indirectly through municipal wastewater (washoff from skin during showering). Many (roughly 30) different UV filters are frequently used. Some of the most common are benzophenone-1, -3 (also called oxybenzone) and -4 (BP-1, BP-3, BP-4), 4-methylbenydlidene camphor (4-MBC), ethylhexyl methoxy cinnamate (EHMC; also called octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC)), octocrylene (OC), octyl-triazone (OT) and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDM) (Balmer et al., 2005; Kupper et al., 2006; Tsui et al., 2014). Concentrations of UV filters in Swiss raw wastewater vary seasonally from < 100 ng l−1 up to 20 pg l−1 with usually higher concentrations after sunny summer days (1-10 pg l−1 for 4-MBC, BP-3, EHMC, OT and OC) (Balmer et al., 2005; Kupper et al., 2006).
Sample Preparation Methods for Determination of Pollutants in Solid and Complex Environmental Matrices
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, 2017
Carlos Gonçalves, Maria Augusta D. Sousa, Vasilios G. Samaras, C. Marisa R. Almeida, M. Clara P. Basto
SBSE is another commonly used microextraction technique in wastewater analysis. Pedrouzo et al. (2010) developed an SBSE method with LD and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS for the analysis of six PCPs in environmental waters: four UV filters (2,2-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, benzophenone-3, octocrylene, and octyldimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid) and two antimicrobial agents (triclocarban and triclosan). The extraction process using PDMS-coated stir bars took place over 180 min, to allow reaching the equilibrium. The method was sensitive enough to determine these compounds, at trace levels, in environmental samples. Benzophenone-3 was quantified in levels between 75 and 127 ng L−1 in influent sewage water and fell below 25 ng L−1 in effluent sewage water. Method detection limits ranged from 5 to 10 ng L−1 for influent and effluent sewage water (Table 5.5). This method’s performance was compared to that of an SPE procedure developed in a previous study, using Oasis HLB and Bond Elut Plexa sorbents. The fact that overall recoveries and LOQs were similar in both SBSE and SPE methodologies, along with the decrease in the sample volume, high selectivity, and low ionic suppression allowed by the SBSE technique, showed that SBSE was effective for the determination of most apolar compounds in 3 h extraction.
Diurnal patterns of micropollutants concentrations in domestic greywater
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2018
Yuval Alfiya, Yael Dubowski, Eran Friedler
Octocrylene (OCT) is another UV filter, but unlike BP3, it is mainly used in sunscreen products. Accordingly, highest OCT concentrations were detected during summer (hot and sunny), reaching a level of 10 µg L−1. In winter, however, no distinct peak was observed but rather relatively constant concentrations between 2–4.5 µg L−1. The seasonal differences of OCT diurnal patterns agree with its use in sunscreen products that are used much more during summer.