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Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Nitration of toluene is the only important reaction that involves the aromatic ring rather than the aliphatic methyl group. The methyl group of toluene makes it around 25 times more reactive than benzene in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Toluene undergoes nitration to give ortho- and para-nitrotoluene (2,2-CH3C6H4NO2 and 2,4-CH3C6H4NO2) isomers, but if heated it can give dinitrotoluene and ultimately the explosive trinitrotoluene (Humphrey, 1916). Toluene→1,2-dinitrotoluene+1,4-dinitrotoluene→2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
Microbial Capacities for Utilization of Nitroaromatics
Published in Ram Chandra, R.C. Sobti, Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation, 2019
Asifa Qureshi, Hitesh Tikariha, Hemant J. Purohit
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), namely, nitrobenzene, p-nitrophenol (PNP), nitrotoluenes (TNT, DNT, NT), are critical environmental pollutants reported because of their toxicity to many living organisms (Kumari et al. 2017, Saha et al. 2014). The nitro substituents on NACs possess the electron-withdrawing character, which causes resistance toward biodegradation. Therefore, the oxidative attack by bacterial oxygenases becomes difficult. Still, several potent bacteria have adapted to utilize NACs using oxygenases. Increase in the number of nitro groups and electron-withdrawing substituents on aromatic ring causes an increase in recalcitrant character forcing the nitroaromatics to be utilized by partial reduction mechanism.
Photo-treatment of TNT wastewater in the presence of nanocomposite of WO3/Fe3O4
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2021
Hamid Reza Pouretedal, Zahra Bashiri, Mohammad Nasiri, Ali Arab
The yellow water is a wastewater of TNT (2,4,6-trinitro toluene) production that it is containing nitrotoluene compounds such as mononitro-, dinitro-, and trinitrotoluene. Yellow-water is produced when crude TNT is washed with water to remove excess nitric and sulfuric acids. The nitrotoluene compounds have low taste and odor thresholds and exhibit high toxicity and carcinogenic character. These materials are very toxic and poorly biodegradable compounds that are not effectively degraded by direct biological methods (Emeline et al. 2012). Therefore, their degradation in water and wastewaters is important for the environment. Several papers were published on the subject of TNT photodegradation (Son et al. 2004; Mahbub and Nesterenko 2016; Rezaei-Vahidian et al. 2017; Zarei et al. 2020). The photocatalysts of TiO2, WO3 and ZnO were used in the proposed process. But, the spiked samples of TNT were applied for the study of its photodegradation. However, in this research, the treatment of a real industry wastewater of TNT (yellow water) was studied using photodegradation process in the presence of magnetite photocatalyst of WO3/Fe3O4.
Complexes of copper(I) with aromatic compounds facilitate selective electrophilic aromatic substitution
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018
Magal Saphier, Inna Levitsky, Alexandra Masarwa, Oshra Saphier
A liquid–liquid two-phase system yields selective nitration of toluene (organic phase) to ortho nitrotoluene compared to negligible reaction in a reference experiment (without acetonitrile). The aqueous phase contains copper(II) sulphate, acetonitrile, 1% v/v, copper metal and 1% HNO3.