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Constructed wetland systems vegetated with different plants applied to the treatment of nitrobenzene wastewater
Published in Binoy K. Saikia, Advances in Applied Chemistry and Industrial Catalysis, 2022
Diannan Huang, Baofeng Zhang, Kui Jing, Li Zhang, Rubing Bai, Rui Li
Nitrobenzene (NB) is massively produced and widely used in manufacturing organic products, such as aniline, lubricating oils, explosives, dyes, solvents, drugs, pesticides, and synthetic rubber. Nitrobenzene is one of the organic compounds listed as a priority pollutant by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) based on known or suspected carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and high acute toxicity. Several previous investigations found that NB concentrations in rivers were frequently detected at significant values, especially in the rivers of North China. The detection rate of NB was 83.2% for all the samples, with a mean value of 18.1ng·L−1 and a range from <0.3 to 8450.0ng·L−1 (Gao et al. 2008). The popular presence of NB in the aquatic environment would threaten the health of an aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, the treatment of NB wastewater is an arduous task.
Benzene, Aromaticity, and Benzene Derivatives
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
A mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid converts benzene to nitrobenzene. What is the electrophilic species (the cation) formed when nitric acid reacts with sulfuric acid?
2 Activity for Wastewater Treatment
Published in Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani, Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation, 2022
Shipra Mital Gupta, Babita Sharma, S.K. Sharma
Chemical formula of nitrobenzene is C6H5NO2. It is not naturally produced. It is manufactured in industries for its use in the production of aniline in medications, dyes, explosives, pesticides, rubbers, synthetic resins, paint and polishes, insecticides, herbicides, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals (Wen et al. 2012, Lv et al. 2013, Pan and Guan 2010, Xie et al. 2018). According to the report of Torosyan and Simonyan (2019), the production of nitrobenzene in the world is approximately 2 million tons per year. Nitrobenzene enters the environment mainly from the wastewater of plants, wastewater aniline dye as well as insulating and glossy materials (Shuxin et al. 2004, Ersoy and Celik 2004). It is very important to treat industrial effluents before disposing them into wastewater bodies due to the presence of nitrobenzene, which is declared as a priority pollutant by many of the countries (Liang et al. 2007, Elshafei et al. 2014). Inappropriate treatment of nitrobenzene present in wastewater will seriously threaten human health (Xie et al. 2018) due to its strong mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in humans (Elshafei et al. 2014). It is reported that nitrobenzene causes a serious hazard to the environment mainly because of two reasons (1) it is recalcitrant to chemical/biological oxidation and hydrolysis due to electron-withdrawing effect of nitro-group, (2) it hinders the metabolism of micro-organisms and hence bio-degradation of nitrobenzene is usually tough to attain (Hung et al. 2000, Klausen et al. 2001, Mu et al. 2004, Xu et al. 2005). Nitrobenzene is responsible for damage to the nervous system as well as to the red blood cells via the formation of methemoglobin, hence causing hemolytic anemia, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic effects (Liang et al. 2007, Torosyan and Simonyan 2019). Prolonged exposure to nitrobenzene may damage vision, cause serious injury to the central nervous system, anemia, lung irritation, and produce liver or kidney damage (Ju and Parales 2010). Nitrobenzene is stable due to the presence of nitro-group, so the treatment of wastewater effluent by conventional biological methods is often inadequate to eliminate it (Xie et al. 2018). Although various methodologies like ozonation, electro-chemical reduction, Fenton oxidation, and ultrasonic irradiation have been projected for the elimination of nitrobenzene from the industrial effluent (Yang et al. 2016, Jiang et al. 2011, Subbaramaiah et al. 2014, Zhao et al. 2015), the high operating and maintenance costs and difficulty in handling the features of these methodologies condense their practice in economically concerned regions (Yang et al. 2018).
Experimental study of nitrobenzene degradation in water by strong ionization dielectric barrier discharge
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Muhammad Imran Nawaz, Chengwu Yi, Hong Zhao, Prince Junior Asilevi, Lanlan Yin, Rongjie Yi, Qaiser Javed, Huijuan Wang
Pollution is a human problem and with the increase in population and the advancement of industries at the current rapid pace, water pollution is becoming a serious issue in the world. Nitrobenzene is widely used to manufacture aniline, pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides and explosives in industries [1–3]. The facts show that the NB concentration diverse from 14 to 591 mg/L in the contamination levels [4,5], according to United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) its maximum permissible concentration in wastewater is 1 mg/L [6]. Due to its toxicity, and persisted nature in the aquatic environment it may have high risks to human health even at low concentrations [7]. Dermal contact with NB can cause eyes and skin irritations and acute inhalation may result in respiratory irritation, headache, nausea, dizziness, shortness of breath, fatigue and affect the central nervous system [8,9]. Several countries have reported NB as a priority pollutant [10] therefore it must be removed from the water.
Palladium nanoparticles supported on silicate-based nanohybrid material: highly active and eco-friendly catalyst for reduction of nitrobenzene at ambient conditions
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Esmat Ebadati, Behzad Aghabarari, Mozhgan Bagheri, Ali Khanlarkhani, Maria Victoria Martinez Huerta
The extended applications of nitrobenzene (NB) in different industry such as herbicides, insecticides, explosives, pharmaceuticals, and dyes causes to release it in water and soils. But, nitrobenzene is not biodegradable, thus it is extremely toxic for humans according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).[1,2]