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Solvent Exposure and Toxic Responses
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Aniline is a clear, colorless, oily liquid with a characteristic odor. It is widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyestuffs. It is also used in the manufacture of rubber accelerators and antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, marking inks, tetryl, optical whitening agents, photographic developers, resins, varnishes, perfumes, shoe polishes, and many organic chemicals. Absorption of aniline, whether from inhalation of the vapor or from skin absorption of the liquid, causes anoxia due to the formation of methemoglobin. Moderate exposure may cause only cyanosis. As oxygen deficiency increases, the cyanosis may be associated with headache, weakness, irritability, drowsiness, dyspnea, and unconsciousness. Methemoglobin levels, and/or urinary excretion of p-aminophenols, can be used for biologic monitoring for aniline exposure.
Introduction
Published in Mudhar Al-Obaidi, Chakib Kara-Zaitri, I. M. Mujtaba, Wastewater Treatment by Reverse Osmosis Process, 2020
Mudhar Al-Obaidi, Chakib Kara-Zaitri, I. M. Mujtaba
Aniline, the aromatic amine (C6H5NH2), is common toxic persistent pollutant widely known to be carcinogenic and a harmful chemical to aquatic life (Straub et al., 1993). Aniline is an intermediate in several industrial processes, including the manufacture of pigments, rubber additives and polymers, herbicides, and pesticides, and is a solvent in perfumes, varnish, and resins (Shonall and Luthy, 1990). Aniline has solubility up to 3.5% in water and is therefore expected to be found in the industrial wastewater of these applications in addition to drinking water sources (Devulapalli and Jones, 1999). The aquatic toxicity rating for aniline is 10 ppm, and, with this concentration, it is expected to destroy 50% of any exposed organisms within 96 hours (Sánchez et al., 1998). Different treatment methods are used to remove aniline from wastewater, including adsorption (Gu et al., 2008), oxidation (Sánchez et al., 1998), distillation (Devulapalli and Jones, 1999), and reverse osmosis (Golovashin et al., 2005; Al-Obaidi-et al., 2018b).
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Aniline is a clear, colorless, oily liquid with a characteristic odor. It is widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyestuffs. It is also used in the manufacture of rubber accelerators and antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, marking inks, tetryl, optical whitening agents, photographic developers, resins, varnishes, perfumes, shoe polishes, and many organic chemicals. Absorption of aniline, whether from inhalation of the vapor or from skin absorption of the liquid, causes anoxia due to the formation of methemoglobin. Moderate exposure may cause only cyanosis. As oxygen deficiency increases, the cyanosis may be associated with headache, weakness, irritability, drowsiness, dyspnea, and unconsciousness. Methemoglobin levels, and/or urinary excretion of p-aminophenols, can be used for biologic monitoring for aniline exposure.
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Another prominent chemical substance in the Candidate list of the ZDHC MRSL is free aniline, a problem associated with indigo dye. High levels of free aniline can be encountered in some indigo-dye formulations. In the next version of the MRSL (which will be version 3), ZDHC intends to place restrictions on the permissible levels of free aniline in indigo-dye formulations, with a possible limit of 2000 ppm for indigo and 500 ppm for other dyes. Extensive study on free aniline is required for liquid and powder formulations of indigo (https://mrsl.roadmaptozero.com/). Aniline as such is not carcinogenic but is toxic, causing skin sensitization and repeated exposure to high concentrations can result in strong allergic reactions in humans. Hence it is fairly sensible to avoid exposure to harmful concentrations of aniline (Patterson, 2018), and it has been claimed that aniline-free indigo has been used to effectively dye the warp threads for blue denim fabrics. Cyclic siloxanes, DMFu and phenol are some of the chemicals on the Candidate List. For each chemical substance included in this list, a specific time-scale for inclusion in the ZDHC MRSL may be indicated. The aim of creating such a dynamic Candidate List is to show the need for change and encourage innovation in the industry.
Acid-treated bentonite-supported Ni catalysts via rapid microwave-assisted drying for nitrobenzene hydrogenation
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2018
Yuexiu Jiang, Xiliang Li, Zuzeng Qin, Hongbing Ji
The catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene is the dominant process for the industrial scale production of aniline, which serves as an important intermediate in the production of polyurethanes, dyes, explosives, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture chemicals (Hosseini-Sarvari and Razmi, 2015). As the demand for aniline increases, the efficiency of the hydrogenation process becomes more important. Catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline involves liquid-phase hydrogenation or gas-phase hydrogenation. Compared to the liquid-phase reaction (Gao et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2014), gas-phase hydrogenation is a continuous process that is easier to control, more convenient for processing the product, and much safer. Catalysts used in the gas-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline include Cu-based catalysts [such as Cu–Cr–Mo/SiO2 (Fang et al., 1997)], Ni-based catalysts [Ni/Al2O3 (He et al., 2013), Ni/activated carbon (Nieto-Márquez et al., 2009), Ni/SBA-15 (Mohan et al., 2012)], noble metal catalysts [Ru/SBA-15 (Chary and Srikanth, 2009), Pd/Al2O3 (Sangeetha et al., 2009), Pd/Mg–Al hydrotalcite (Sangeetha et al., 2007)], carbon catalysts (Yu et al., 2014), and reduced graphene oxide (Gao et al., 2012). However, the complex preparation and pre-treatment processes of the catalysts, and environmental pollution from the hydrogenation process limit their application. Therefore, the development of a greener, cheaper, more effective and convenient catalyst for this hydrogenation process is still needed.
FTIR Spectra of pure components and their binary liquid components (Binary mixtures of formamide with aniline, N-methyl aniline and N,N-dimethyl aniline)
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
P. Yella Reddy, T. Srinivasa Krishna, M. Gowrisankar, K. Siva Kumar, Chebolu Naga Sesha Sai Pavan Kumar
Formamide has a wide variety of applications. It is an intermediate in the chemical industry to produce heterocyclic compounds, hydrocyanic acid, pharmaceuticals, sulfa drugs, crop protection, and a solvent. Formamide, deionised, is also used in hybridisation reactions and molecular biology as a denaturing agent for nucleic acids. Anilines are generally using in the rubber industry, dyeing agent in the manufacture of clothes such as jeans, etc., And also used in the production of drugs such as paracetamol, Tylenol, acetaminophen, pesticide and fungicides in the agricultural industry, in the manufacture of polyurethane which is, in turn, used in the making of plastics. So, these combinations use in pharma as well as agriculture and the plastic industry.