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Toxic Fumes
Published in Per-Anders Persson, Roger Holmberg, Jaimin Lee, Rock Blasting and Explosives Engineering, 2018
Per-Anders Persson, Roger Holmberg, Jaimin Lee
In an ideal detonation, an oxygen-balanced explosive with the atomic constituents carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen (a CHNO explosive) would form only the gaseous reaction products carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), and nitrogen (N2). In real detonations, due to incomplete reaction of the explosive and subsequent reactions with the surrounding air, other reaction products will always be present, and some of these are toxic if the concentration becomes high enough. The primary toxic fumes produced are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NO), and nitric oxide (NO2). The total content of the latter two is often jointly called the NOx content. The maximum allowable content of CO in air (in Sweden) is 10 parts per million (ppm), that of NOx is 2 ppm. When the deviation from oxygen balance is large, other toxic products may also be formed. Some explosives or explosive ingredients are toxic in themselves: for example, nitroglycerin (NG) or nitroglycol (EGDN). In incomplete reaction of dynamite, detectable amounts of NG and/or EGDN are often found in the reaction products — breathing air contaminated with the reaction products from dynamite may lead to a headache of the same kind as that produced by breathing air containing NG vapor in a magazine or by skin contact with dynamite. In incomplete reaction, other molecule fragments of the ingredient explosives, oxidizers, or fuels may also be formed, some of which may also be toxic.
Blasting in other surface operations
Published in Lopez Jimeno Carlos, Lopez Jimeno Emilio, Javier Ayala Carcedo Francisco, Ramiro Yvonne Visser de, Drilling and Blasting of Rocks, 2017
Lopez Jimeno Carlos, Lopez Jimeno Emilio, Javier Ayala Carcedo Francisco, Ramiro Yvonne Visser de
The explosive is a gelatin of nitroglycerin/nitroglycol and nitrocelulose to which PETN and amonium nitrate have been added. The principal characteristics are: – Density...................1.55g/cm3– Energy...................5.5 MJ/kg– Relative weight strength incomparison to ANFO 127– Detonation velocity............ 6000 m/s– Water resistance ..............Excellent
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Published in Maurizio Cumo, Antonio Naviglio, Safety Design Criteria for Industrial Plants, 2019
Claudia Bartolomei, Sergio Paribelli
Toxicity — TLV-TWA: 0.05 ppm (skin); OSHA standard air: TWA: 2 mg/m3 (skin); and occupational exposure to nitroglycerin: recommended. Standard air: CL 0.1 mg/mc for 20 min, 0.01 ppm to nitroglycerin and nitroglycol combined. If this material is taken internally, it causes respiratory difficulties and death due to respiratory paralysis. The most common complaint is headache which is noted commencing but soon passes off. Furthermore, nitroglycerin can be absorbed through uninjured skin and may produce eruptions. Toxic effects may occur by ingestion, inhalation of dust, or by absorption through intact skin. It may also cause vasodilation.
The contribution of the Clinica del Lavoro of Milan to the development of industrial hygiene and toxicology in the twentieth century
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2018
Michele A. Riva, Michael Belingheri, Silvia Fustinoni
In that period, Gianmarco Cavagna, one of the most important Italian industrial toxicologists of that period, conducted several studies on byssinosis.37–40 At the same time, in the Clinica del Lavoro, Vito Foà and Carla Antonini, demonstrated the presence of endotoxins in the atmosphere of a cotton carder,41 supporting that the pathogenesis of byssinosis was based on endotoxin and anticipating studies of Rylander.42 Furthermore, Cavagna developed pioneering researches on health effects of insecticides and carbon disulfide.43–50 Zurlo, Cavagna and their team also wrote several contributions on lead intoxications, pneumoconiosis and toxics in atmosphere and at the workplace.51–62 In this context, Zurlo invented a valuable mercury clepsydra vacuum pump to measure concentrations of atmospheric dusts by counting particles, internationally known as ‘Zurlo’s pump’.63 The Clinica del Lavoro conducted several studies on industrial and environmental toxicology on nitroglycol and nitroglycerin (and its correlation with ‘Monday disease’), trichloroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, indene, penicillin, sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach) and on zinc-fume fever.64–80 General papers on the development of industrial hygiene, its role and its problems were also published.81–85 Works by Grisler on diagnosis and treatment of lead intoxication and on the development of other biomarkers related to occupational exposures are also noteworth.53,86–94