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Organic Air Pollutants
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
The most common of the many uses of these chemicals is for the manufacture of other chemicals. Methanol is widely used in the manufacture of formaldehyde (see Section 11.4) as a solvent, and mixed with water as an antifreeze formulation. Ethanol is used as a solvent and as the starting material for the manufacture of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, ethyl ether, ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide, and several important esters. Both methanol and ethanol can be used as motor vehicle fuels, usually in mixtures with gasoline. Ethylene glycol is a common antifreeze compound.
Mechanical Systems
Published in Steve Doty, Commercial Energy Auditing, 2020
Toxicity: Ethylene glycol is toxic when ingested. Food-grade propylene glycol is not toxic, however all treated hydronic water should be considered toxic because they contain more than water and glycol. In addition to any glycol present, biocides and corrosion inhibitors are used and come from drums with hazard labels.
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Alcohol Compounds—LF/HR Some alcohol compounds contain more than one alcohol derivative group. For example, ethylene glycol is a common coolant and antifreeze. It has two alcohol groups attached to the hydrocarbon ethene or ethylene. The compound is a clear, colorless, syrupy liquid that has a sweet taste and is odorless. Its boiling point is approximately 387°F, and the flash point is about 7°F. Ethylene glycol is toxic by ingestion and inhalation with a TLV (vapor) ceiling of 50 ppm. The reported lethal dose by ingestion is 100 cc.
Flow characteristics of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid under shear rate and temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Mohsan Hassan, Sajid Ali, Dalmir Hussain
Since the last decades, nanofluids have been investigated in different aspects such as preparation, modeling, characterization, boiling and convective heat transfer, and various engineering applications [1–6]. The nanofluid does not keep all the advantageous features required for a specific purpose due to its single nanomaterial; it may either have good rheological or thermal properties. In the continuity of the research on the nanofluids, a new type of nanofluids which are called hybrid nanofluids synthesized by dispersing two or more two different types of nanoparticles in the base fluids. The hybrid nanofluid shows notable physicochemical behavior that does not occur in the single-particle-based nanofluid. Generally, the hybrid nanofluid is synthesized by dispersing the combination of carbon nanotubes, metallic, or oxide nanoparticle materials in water, ethylene glycol, or solutions for different applications [7–10]. The nanotubes are used because of their unique properties such as chemical stability, physical strength, mechanical resistance, very high thermal and electrical conductivity, etc. The ethylene glycol, water, or their solution is used as a coolant and heat transfer agent as well as in raw material in manufacturing polyester fibers and antifreeze formulation. So, the hybrid nanomaterial enhances the thermal and rheological properties of these base fluids for different applications.
Experimental investigation on optimal anodising parameters of nanopore preparation process on the stainless steel surface
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2020
Yuanlong Wang, Rongsheng Guo, Xiong Zhou, Guanghong Hu
Although highly regular nanoporous structures can be prepared with these electrolytes, some disadvantages still exist in the process. For example, in using organic materials such as ethylene glycol as a solvent, the industrial application cost and risk of environmental pollution are high. The nanopores prepared with ammonium fluoride-ethylene glycol electrolyte are highly brittle metal oxides that are easily separated from the matrix, limiting application in high-strength composite parts. Therefore, how to directly etch out the nanoporous structure on the surface of stainless steel and use direct injection moulding method to prepare polymer-stainless steel composite has great research value and application prospect.
A Recent Review of Viscosity Models for Nanofluids
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Ethylene glycol is widely used in industrial engineering applications such as antifreeze and coolant. Adio et al. (2016) examined the viscosity of MgO/EG at different (20–70°C), (0.125–2%), and nanoparticle size (21, 105, and 125 nm). In addition, dimensional analysis, GA-PNN and FCM-ANFIS modeling techniques were utilized for predicting the effective viscosity of MgO/EG nanofluids and they all showed a good level of agreement with the experimental data. The model proposed based on dimensionless groups is presented in Equation 31.