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Cerebrovascular Effects of Carbon Monoxide
Published in David G. Penney, Carbon Monoxide, 2019
Mark A. Helfaer, Richard J. Traystman
Nitric oxide synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arginine into citrulline and nitric oxide (NO). NO has been implicated in many systems as one of the endothelial-derived relaxing factors, but has been found in many other tissues, especially neural tissue (Faraci and Brian, 1994). It has been demonstrated that this enzyme has a heme-containing subunit (McMillan et al., 1992) that demonstrates spectra typical of ferroprotopor-phyrin IX (Klatt et al., 1992). In vitro activity of this enzyme can be inhibited by CO, which could cause local vasoconstriction due to the lack of the tonic release of the vasorelaxation of NO. In addition, because NO is produced in metabolically active neural tissue, it has been postulated that it may be a second messenger, perhaps linking blood flow and metabolism. By disrupting this mechanism of cell-to-cell communication, further injury could be caused (Zhuo et al., 1993). Also, CO itself has similarly been invoked as a putative neurotransmitter and/or a second messenger (Zhuo et al., 1993). The latter hypothesis is based on the fact that CO is produced by the action of the enzyme heme oxygenase, the constitutive form of which has been demonstrated throughout the brain, co-localizing with messenger RNA for soluble guanylyl cyclase (Verma et al., 1993). This pathway is illustrated in Figure 1.
Reuse of Tiger Nuts By-Products
Published in Francisco J. Barba, Elena Roselló-Soto, Mladen Brnčić, Jose M. Lorenzo, Green Extraction and Valorization of By-Products from Food Processing, 2019
Elena Roselló-Soto Francisco J. Barba, Francisco J. Martí-Quijal, Maria G. Daskalaki, José M. Lorenzo, Cyrielle Garcia, Fabienne Remize
Macrophages RAW 264.7 cell line stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used for evaluating the effect of oil extracts from “horchata” by-products on the production of inflammatory mediators. Different concentrations of each extract were tested, as well as the organic solvent used (carbowax). NO2− release was used as an indicator of inflammatory response, due to the activity of iNOS (inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase) as an important proinflammatory inductor, thus causing the activation of inflammatory cascade and other inflammatory associated effects, such as vasodilation. Nitrite concentration was measured in cell culture supernatants using Griess reaction after 48 h of activation with 100 ng/mL LPS.
Future Developments in Human Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
The transition from DCIS to an invasive breast cancer can be detected by thermography better than mammography. The activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms is significantly higher in DCIS than in normal surrounding tissues, and increased NOS activity may be associated with angiogenesis and the early development of invasive breast cancer and other cancers.28
Bioactivities and phenolic composition of Limonium boitardii Maire and L. cercinense Brullo & Erben (Plumbaginaceae): two Tunisian strict endemic plants
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Ons Sefi, Soumaya Bourgou, Wided Megdiche-Ksouri, Mohamed Libiad, Abdelmajid Khabbach, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Fatima Lamchouri, Nikos Krigas, Zeineb Ghrabi-Gammar
The inhibition of the production of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW cells can be mediated by the action of flavonoids. In our study, myricitrin which was the major compound in the two investigated Limonium species, has been reported to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production (Meotti et al. 2006) and to strongly down-regulate TNF-α and COX-2 overexpression in injured livers, which coincide with the amelioration of liver injury (Domitrović et al. 2015). Wang et al. (2010) have shown that myricetin possess in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic inflammation, which may be derived from an inhibition of vascular permeability in addition to the antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the superiority of L. cercinense compared to L. boitardii could be ascribed to the presence of large concentration of luteolin-7-O-glucoside. This flavonoid was reported to suppress the production of nitric oxide in bacterial LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without introducing cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effect has been attributed to the suppression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expressions (Hu and Kitts 2004).
Inhibition of Proliferation of HeLa Cells by Pulsed Electric Field Treated Mentha piperita (Mint) Extract
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Thulasidas Jeya Shree, Varadarajan Gowri Sree, Sadasivam Poompavai, Elisabetta Sieni, Paolo Sgarbossa, Ignacio Camarillo, Raji Sundararajan
M. piperita has enormous bioactive compounds which induce apoptosis in cancer cells without cytotoxic effects on healthy cells [22]. Apoptosis is characterized by distinct morphological features, such as protrusion of plasma membrane, shrinkage of cells, condensation of chromatin, fragmentation of DNA, and the cell breakdown into apoptotic bodies [23]. Mentha species has shown anti-mutagenic effect reflecting great pharmacological importance that might be beneficial for reducing the risk of reactive oxygen species-related diseases [24–26] including cancer. It reduces nitric oxide secretion in macrophages by scavenging nitric oxide and inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression, and also decreases TNFα pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, thus showing its usefulness in the inflammatory disease process [27].
Viburnum opulus fruit extract-capped gold nanoparticles attenuated oxidative stress and acute inflammation in carrageenan-induced paw edema model
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Cristina Bidian, Gabriela Adriana Filip, Luminița David, Bianca Moldovan, Ioana Baldea, Diana Olteanu, Mara Filip, Pompei Bolfa, Monica Potara, Alina Mihaela Toader, Simona Clichici
The key mediator of inflammation is the nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB. This factor, after activation by oxidizing factors, lipid mediators, bacterial products, cytokines, and viral proteins, amplifies the inflammatory response by overregulating inflammatory mediators including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inflammatory cytokines, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).