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Abiotic Stress in Plants
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Ashutosh K. Pandey, Annesha Ghosh, Kshama Rai, Adeeb Fatima, Madhoolika Agrawal, S.B. Agrawal
Increased pollutant concentration in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities have greatly altered the biogeochemical cycles of the earth. The enormous extraction, purification and combustion of fossil fuels are the major factors causing the emission of huge quantity of air pollutants. But the incidences of acid rain due to emissions of sulfur from coal, gasoline and oil combustion draws the attention of the world towards the emission of nitrogen compounds too, because it is related to the quality of not only air but also water, soil and the ecosystem (Hoegberg et al., 2006). The NOx generates several problems related to the environment and are commonly termed as NOx; these are nitric oxide (NO2), nitrous oxide, (N2O), ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrate (NO–3), nitrite (NO–2), etc. and they contribute in the cycling of nitrogen and reactive capacity of atmosphere (Morin et al., 2008). Oxides of nitrogen play a crucial role in the formation of O3. Increased emissions of NOx alters the atmospheric chemistry. It has been reported that the total amount of NOx emitted of about 28 529 metric tons was from vehicular sources (Lal; Larssen et al., 1994). Sahai et al. (2011), suggested that biomass burning contributes maximally to total NOx emissions (mainly NO2) and has increased from 72.0 Gg to 140.6 Gg between 1980 and 2010 in India. They also reported that burning of agricultural residues (from rice, wheat, sugarcane) have combinedly increased from 58.9 Gg to 117.4 Gg of NOx between 1980 and 2010 (Oksanen et al., 2013). NO2→sunlightNO+OO2+O→O3
A comprehensive study on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with the blends of diesel, jojoba oil biodiesel, and butylated hydroxyl anisole as an alternative fuel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Karthickeyan Viswanathan, Arulraj Paulraj
Figure 6 represents the difference in NOx emission in association with engine loads. At full load, NOx emission for JB100+ BHA1000, JB100+ BHA750, diesel, JB100+ BHA500 and JB100 was observed as 615, 624, 625, 642, and 658 ppm, respectively. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter were the main pollutants generated by diesel engines. The factors influencing the production NOx were combustion bowl geometry, fuel properties, temperature, and pressure of air, and the like. NOx was the combination of various pollutants like nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrogen trioxide. In a diesel engine, NOx formation was depicted as three mechanisms such as fuel NOx, Prompt NOx, and Thermal NOx. At increasing loads, maximum NOx production was identified through all prepared fuels due to improved combustion chamber pressure and temperature. The increased NOx production rate was identified with JB100 than diesel-owing to oxygen existence in the alternative fuel samples. In the premixed combustion phase, poor atomization and admission of more fuel affects the uncontrolled combustion zone directs toward the higher NOx emission. At all loads, antioxidant and JB100 blend experienced lower NOx emission than JB100. Decreased formation of peroxide radicals were noticed with the addition of antioxidants with JB100 sample. Amongst antioxidant and JB100 blends, JB100+ BHA1000 showed low NOx emission. Similarly, Moringa oleifera biodiesel with antioxidants produced a diminished NOx development rate compared to other blends in a compression-ignition engine (Rashedul et al. 2017).
Influence of ethanol-gasoline blended fuel on performance and emission characteristics of the test motorcycle engine
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Thanh Dinh Xuan, Dien Vu Minh, Binh Pham Hoa, Khanh Nguyen Duc, Vinh Nguyen Duy
NOx is a nitrogen oxide combination that includes a minor amount of other nitrogen oxides, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide. It is affected by the air-fuel ratio, combustion chamber temperatures, and engine operating conditions. NOx is formed due to the thermal NOx, fuel NOx, and N2O intermediate processes. Figure 5 depicts the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions measured at different engine speeds. NOx emissions rose with increasing load and speed for all of the test fuels. The highest average emission of NOx corresponding to the test vehicle running on E20, E10, and E5 was respectively 67%, 47%, and 37% higher than that of E0. This trend shows that the higher the alcohol percentage in the blend, the more NOx the fuel produces. The resultant nitrogen oxides are produced in the atmosphere from nitrogen and oxygen, and the temperature is the most significant component influencing the formation. Thermal NOx generation is also a substantial process in ethanol-gasoline mixtures. The lower heating value and high ethanol heat reduce temperature, resulting in a temperature drop in the cylinder. NOx production is reduced when the adiabatic flame temperature is low. More fuel is used in this research realized at stoichiometry because of rising volumetric efficiency owing to stoichiometric rate reduction parallel with increasing ethanol rate, high vapor density, and evaporation heat.