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The New Symbiotic Architecture
Published in Kyoung Hee Kim, Microalgae Building Enclosures, 2022
The major source of anthropogenic nitrogen dioxide is rush-hour traffic emissions outdoors. Research has shown positive correlation between daily concentrations of nitrogen dioxide with respiratory, cardiovascular, and overall mortality risks. Some studies included nitrogen dioxide’s effect on children’s hospital admissions, lung function, and asthma attacks.6 It also shows association with fetal intrauterine growth retardation (exposure to nitrogen dioxide during the first month of pregnancy) and preterm birth (exposure to nitrogen dioxide during the last month of pregnancy).7 WHO nitrogen dioxide air quality guidelines are below 40 μg/m3 for an annual average and 200 μg/m3 for a 1 hour concentration.8
Genotoxicity and Air Pollutions
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020
Eliane Tigre Guimarães, Andrea Nunes Vaz Pedroso
The nitrogen derived from the combustion process of fossil fuels is converted to nitrogen oxides[2] such as nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). They are considered the precursors of tropospheric ozone (O3) formation. Nitrogen dioxide diffuses into the atmosphere, where it is usually oxidized and can react with water to form acid rain, causing corrosion in materials and damage to human beings.[3]
Physical Methods
Published in Jerome Greyson, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Pollutants and Their Determination in Air and Water, 2020
Depending upon their oxidation states, the nitrogen pollutants are first converted by either combustion or catalytic reduction to nitric oxide and then reacted with ozone to form excited nitrogen dioxide NO+O3=K1NO2*+O2
An analysis of the implications of air pollutants in Chennai
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
M. Arulprakasajothi, U. Chandrasekhar, D. Yuvarajan, Maradana Bhanu Teja
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): NO2 is emitted from the combustion chambers in vehicles, as well from industrial and domestic heating (Slootweg, Posch, and Hettelingh 2010; Devarajan, Munuswamy, and Nagappan 2017; Joy et al. 2017). NO2 inhalation leads to severe health-related problems and, when present in high concentrations, it causes inflammation and inhibits proper functioning of lungs. NO2 may also effect the flora in that region adversely and result in the formation of secondary inorganic particulate matter and ozone effecting human health and devastating the ecosystem (Devarajan et al. 2016). Figure 3 represents Nitrogen oxide concentration with respect to different days. The graphical representation of data obtained including the variation of NO2 on daily basis is shown in Figure 3. Sources: The major source of nitrogen dioxide in Manali may beBurning of coal in industrial boilersBiomassUsage of husk as fuel.Petroleum refining
Sustainable electrochemical discharge machining process: Characterization of emission products and occupational risks to operator
Published in Machining Science and Technology, 2020
The FTIR spectra of breathing air in sample (S20C) depicts five different peaks of wavenumber as 3647.7, 2916.7, 1745.2, 1380.2, and 1089.9 cm−1 (Figure 11). The reading of FTIR spectra is carried out by using literature of FTIR spectroscopy (Grutter, 2003; Bacsik et al., 2005). The peaks 2916.7 and 1380.2 cm−1 represents presence of CH4 and SO2, respectively, in breathing air sample. However, the peak 1089.9 cm−1 indicates the presence of NH3 and halogenated hydrocarbon in air samples. The FTIR spectra of breathing air in sample S40C illustrates seven different peaks of wavenumber such as 3851.9, 3735.3, 3443.4, 1617.9, 1384.5, 1120, and 669.1 cm−1 (Figure 12). The strong peak of 3443.4 cm−1represents amine group of N-H stretching in air sample. In addition to this, the peaks 1617.9 and 1120 cm−1 is attribute the presence of NO2 and SO2, respectively. The inhalation of nitrogen dioxide grounds serious effect on human health causes chronic respiratory symptoms (Rasmussen et al., 1994). However, the exposure of SO2 gas to operator causes asthma and other respiratory diseases (Min et al., 2008). Likewise, the breathing of vinylidene fluoride causes skin diseases, headache, nausea, and liver diseases (Medinsky et al., 1988). The presence of different gases and compounds in breathing air of samples S20C and S40C are listed in Table 4. The FTIR spectra revealed that increase in electrolyte concentration of ECDM process generates additional nitrogen based compounds and gases as compared with low concentration of electrolyte. The following findings were drawn from FTIR analysis of breathing air samples in ECDM process:
A META-ANALYSIS of PARTICULATE MATTER and NITROGEN DIOXIDE AIR QUALITY MONITORING ASSOCIATED with the BURDEN of DISEASE in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Moreover, Mills et al. (2016) contends that “the uncertainty about causality arises largely because of the close correlations between NO2 and other air pollutants in the mixture of traffic-related pollutants, some of which are more plausible toxicants. This has led to a view that NO2 may be a surrogate for fine/ultrafine particulate matter (PM) produced by motor vehicles and other combustion sources”. However, in recent years strong evidence has emerged that links the adverse health effects with elevated ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. That is, there is enough evidence to infer a causal association between long-term average ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and risk of adverse health effects, to some extent even death (Harrison, 2018). In other words, this is evidence that elevated exposure to nitrogen dioxide concentrations causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory disease, emphysema, bronchitis, increased admission to hospital and mortality (Saki et al., 2020). The mortality and morbidity risks are exacerbated by the fact that hazardous nitrogen dioxide has the prerogative to lodge deep into the sensitive part of the lungs (Taheri, 2020). Thus, numerous reports associate nitrogen dioxide with respiratory burden of disease such as shortness of breath, coughing, difficulties to breathe as well as chest pains amongst others (Nazir & Erbland., 2009; Vestbo et al., 2013; Goudarzi et al., 2011). Whilst on the other end, exposure to particulate matter concentrations has always been associated with the burden of disease. To this end, Amaral et al. (2015) and Thompson (2018) states that particulate matter is the most significant air pollutant that present detrimental health effects produced by natural in contrast to other gaseous pollutants. This is correct, especially that other gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide contributes to the formation of particulate matter (Ritz et al., 2019; Brender, 2020; Lovarelli et al., 2020).