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Valproate-Induced Rodent Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Immunogenic Effects and Role of Microglia
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
Prabha Awale, James C. K. Lai, Srinath Pashikanthi, Alok Bhushan
According to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition [3], the formally separate diagnostic entities (i.e., autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified) have been merged into a single dimension, ASD. ASD share two core features: (i) deficits in social behaviors and communications and (ii) restricted interests and repetitive patterns of behavior [3]. Furthermore, a new diagnostic category, namely social communication disorder, has been added to depict patients with deficits in social communications but not exhibiting repetitive behaviors or restricted interests [3]. Because this review chapter primarily focuses on the valproate-induced rodent model of ASD and the immunogenic effects and role of microglia therein, the etiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of ASD as well as the immunogenic mechanisms underlying ASD will only be very summarily mentioned.
Neural Networks for the Estimation of Prognosis in Lung Cancer
Published in Raouf N.G. Naguib, Gajanan V. Sherbet, Artificial Neural Networks in Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Patient Management, 2001
H. Esteva, M. Bellotti, A.M. Marchevsky
The World Health Organisation (WHO) classifies lung cancer from a histopathological point of view as: (1) squamous cell carcinoma (well, moderately and poorly differentiated); (2) adenocarcinoma (not otherwise specified and bronchoalveolar); (3) adenosquamous carcinoma; (4) small cell undifferentiated carcinoma (classic, combined); (5) large cell undifferentiated carcinoma; and (6) giant cell carcinoma [1]. With general consensus, small cell undifferentiated carcinoma is considered separately from other primary bronchogenic carcinomas. Embryological origin and early systemic spread of this neuro-endocrine malignancy are different than those of other pulmonary neoplasms. Bronchogenic carcinomas have broadly been divided into small cell and nonsmall cell bronchogenic carcinomas. This chapter is related to the latter category.
Fractal Analysis in Histology Classification of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Published in K.C. Santosh, Sameer Antani, D.S. Guru, Nilanjan Dey, Medical Imaging, 2019
Ravindra Patil, Geetha M. Srinidhi Bhat, Dinesh M.S. Leonard Wee, Andre Dekker
In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death. The total number of lung cancer cases in 2018 alone amounted to 2,093,876, the number of deaths with lung cancer being 1,761,007. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all the lung cancers [1]. The cause of illness and the survival of NSCLC subjects vary across age, genetic profile, size of tumor, and histopathology of tumor. There are various studies that have established a correlation between the subtypes of NSCLC (squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and “not otherwise specified”) to the patient’s survival. Also, it was studied that the prognosis for adenocarcinoma is poor compared to those for non-adenocarcinoma [2]. It was also concluded that surgical management should be different for each sub-category of NSCLC [3]. The current approach of subtype detection is performed using a biopsy procedure, where the tissue under observation is biopsied to determine the subtype, which is invasive in nature. The invasive approach is painful, costly, and not devoid of complications [4]. In recent times, several studies have been undertaken to identify the sub-categories of NSCLC non-invasively using radiomics, wherein large amount of quantitative features are mined and decision support models are built to achieve the desired objective [5]. Lately, radiomics has been applied to several medical problems such as tumors of lung, breast, and prostate, and also to images extracted from different medical imaging techniques (computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and positron emission tomography (PET)) [6–9, 10–13], showing promising results in each case.
Metabolomics profiling of valproic acid-induced symptoms resembling autism spectrum disorders using 1H NMR spectral analysis in rat model
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Hyang Yeon Kim, Yong-Jae Lee, Sun Jae Kim, Jung Dae Lee, Suhkmann Kim, Mee Jung Ko, Ji-Woon Kim, Chan Young Shin, Kyu-Bong Kim
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a state of neurodevelopmental deterioration characterized by limited and repetitive behavioral patterns and defects in social communication and interaction, including autism, Asperger’s syndrome, pervasive developmen-tal disorder (PDD), and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (Baron-Cohen et al. 2009). As ASD is a serious behavioral disorder that occurs within 3 years after birth, early identification and intervention of ASD is one of the most important factors to improve the outcome of treatment in individuals affected by this disease (Dawson et al. 2012). However, early diagnosis of ASD is difficult; thus, many children miss the optimal time to start treatment. In the United States, the number of children with ASD has increased since 1992; more than 7-fold in 2010. Decades ago, the prevalence of ASD was one affected individual per 10,000 subjects, but this number is rising by 11–17% annually. In this regard, in 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed ASD a serious issue, and the scientific interest in ASD has evolved to major areas, including pedagogy, psychology, and neurobiological research (Kiseleva et al. 2020).
Child-Robot Interaction in a Musical Dance Game: An Exploratory Comparison Study between Typically Developing Children and Children with Autism
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Jaclyn A. Barnes, Chung Hyuk Park, Ayanna Howard, Myounghoon Jeon
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by socio-communication impairments and repetitive behaviors and interests. The current definition of ASD encompasses what had previously been referred to as autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified in the previous fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; 2013). The symptoms of autism always appear in early childhood, although they may not be recognized as related to the condition until much later. The manifestations of ASD vary widely from individual to individual, hence the term spectrum. ASD frequently co-occurs with other conditions including anxiety, depression, ADHD, and intellectual disability (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It is suspected that ASD is caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors, but the clear causes of ASD are currently unknown.