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Batteries
Published in Dorin O. Neacşu, Automotive Power Systems, 2020
The nickel–cadmium battery rapidly lost rechargeable market share in the 1990s, to Ni–MH and Li–ion batteries. Neither technology has proven its merits for automotive applications. The Ni–MH (nickel–metal-hydride) battery technology shows some promise for electric vehicle use (high voltage storage). Next section explores other energy storage solutions for electric and hybrid vehicles, therefore no-cranking applications.
Ultracapacitors
Published in Ali Emadi, Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives, 2017
The ability to transiently store and redeliver high power levels is essential to the proper functioning of advanced hybrid propulsion systems. The hybridized vehicle owes its existence to the ability of its energy storage subsystem to cycle energy on demand and at the level demanded by operating conditions. The cumulative throughput energy, or cycle life energy, of the energy storage subsystem to a large extent determines how cost-effective the hybrid function will be. Advanced battery systems are an essential component of today’s hybrid, because sufficient energy must be stored to sustain the vehicle ancillaries and customer amenities when the internal combustion engine is off. However, the energy cycle life of batteries is quite limited. A nickel metal hydride battery may be able to cycle its full capacity perhaps 5000 to 6000 times before becoming worn out. Over its lifetime, perhaps 20 MWh of energy throughout is possible by restricting the cycling to 2 to 3% of capacity. The term “wear out” may appear inappropriate to use on a nonmechanical component, but battery electrochemistry does indeed wear out. Wear out is defined as the point at which the battery is now longer capable of delivering 80% or more of its capacity. A good example of wear out is apparent in the automotive lead-acid battery system after some time in service. In hot climates the combination of temperature and energy cycling will cause the lead and lead dioxide plates to become sulfated, thereby diminishing the capacity of the battery. At some point the battery will no longer retain access to the full plate area, consequently its energy storage and power deliver capability will be restricted. The battery will have been worn out. Similar behavior is seen in nickel metal- and lithium-based battery systems (e.g., “rocking-chair” electrochemistries). In these advanced batteries the electrodes will become contaminated or the electrolyte poisoned, thus limiting its storage capacity.
Autonomous Battery Storage Energy System Control of PV-Wind Based DC Microgrid
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
Terli Satyanarayana, Ratna Dahiya
The permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine is connected to the DC bus via a diode rectifier and a boost converter. Variation in wind speed changes the output power keeping constant the DC bus voltage. Solar PV array is connected to the grid via boost converter. The total capacity of the load is taken to be 5 KW. A controlled Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) of capacity 300 volts and 6.5 Ah of Nickel Metal Hydride type is used to provide adequate control to the microgrid. The Nickel Metal Hydride battery is advantageous as it provides simple storage and transportation, environmentally friendly (contains mild toxins) and profitable for recycling. The BESS further consists of bidirectional buck- boost converter which maintains the constant output power at load. When the load requirement is less than the energy produced by the solar and wind combined starts charging the battery. In case of any imbalance or excess power required for peak load condition, then battery supplies required amount of power. The charging of the battery depends on state of charge (SOC) of the battery and the direction of current. If the current is negative, then the battery gets charged and if the current is positive then the battery starts discharging. The PI control scheme provides efficient control of battery power for charging and discharging mode and the flow of power to the grid. The voltage at the DC bus is maintained with the help of DC link capacitors.