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Chapter 1: Functional mesoporous carbons from template methods for energy storage and conversion
Published in Jian Liu, San Ping Jiang, Mesoporous Materials for Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion Technologies, 2017
Hao Tian, Shaomin Liu, San Ping Jiang, Jian Liu
Sodium-sulphur (Na-S) batteries are one type of molten salt battery including the molten sodium and molten sulphur separated by beta- alumina solid electrolytes [212]. Due to reasonable power and energy densities, stability, abundance and low price, sodium sulphur batteries have become a sustainable and environmentally-friendly technology. But sodium sulphur batteries still met with difficulties as lithium sulphur batteries such as the shuttling effect of polysulphides and low electric conductivity of sulphur [194]. High operation temperatures (above 300°C) also restricted the application of lithium sulphur batteries. Choi et al. recently designed carbon-sulphur composite fibres which can be performed at room temperature with good sodiation and desodiation activity (about 500 cycles) and high rate performance. This was attributed to the stable atomic configuration of sulphur in the calcined polyacrylonitrile matrix overcoming the shortcomings of lithium sulphur batteries and the fibre structure facilitating the sodiation and desodiation process [213].
Integrative technology hubs for urban food-energy-water nexuses and cost-benefit-risk tradeoffs (I): Global trend and technology metrics
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Ni-Bin Chang, Uzzal Hossain, Andrea Valencia, Jiangxiao Qiu, Qipeng P. Zheng, Lixing Gu, Mengnan Chen, Jia-Wei Lu, Ana Pires, Chelsea Kaandorp, Edo Abraham, Marie-Claire ten Veldhuis, Nick van de Giesen, Bruno Molle, Severine Tomas, Nassim Ait-Mouheb, Deborah Dotta, Rémi Declercq, Martin Perrin, Léon Conradi, Geoffrey Molle
Hydrogen fuel cell (EE3-HFC) technology is an electrochemical energy conversion process used to convert chemical potential energy into electrical energy. In this system, hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) are used as fuel through a proton exchange membrane cell. It is considered a nontoxic and renewable source of energy, provided H2 and O2 are obtained from renewable energy, and is applicable for transportation and other activities in various FEW systems. However, the presence of impurities, even trace elements in fuel, air streams, or fuel cell systems, could severely affect the anode, membrane, and cathode, which could dramatically reduce the performance (Cheng et al., 2007). Descriptions of other emerging energy technologies in evolving FEW nexus systems such as CO2 plume geothermal power (EE1-CPG), bacteria-powered solar cell (EE4-BPSC), molecular solar thermal energy storage (EE5-MSTES), tidal lagoon (EE6-TL), molten salt battery (EE7-MSB), low head hydro-turbine system (EE8-LHH), and gravity storage (EE9-GS) are given in Supplementary Information (S2.1). Most of the emerging energy technologies are associated with higher investment costs, but are highly efficient. For example, EE1-CPG is about 10 times more efficient than the traditional system. Many of these are still unproven technologies in terms of long term efficiency, and technological and environmental risks, but researchers are working to resolve such issues (Supplementary Information Table S10).