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Energy and the Environment
Published in Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will, Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics, 2022
Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will
The heated molten salt is stored in the “hot” storage tank until it is required for power generation. It may be stored for days to smooth out daily or day/night variations in solar radiation, or for much longer periods if being used for to cope with seasonal variations and to provide solar-sourced power in winter. Although the tank will be well insulated, some thermal losses may be expected (~2% per week for 100 MWth tanks with a surface area of ~500 m2). We will ignore this in the calculation here but good insulation is essential for efficient thermal storage.
E-Waste Recycling Technologies
Published in Abhijit Das, Biswajit Debnath, Potluri Anil Chowdary, Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Paradigm Shift in E-waste Management, 2022
Tanvir Alam, Rabeeh Golmohammadzadeh, Fariborz Faraji, M. Shahabuddin
Molten salt is a cleaner thermal treatment technique at which materials are submerged in a mixture of some salts (e.g. NaOH-KOH, Li, Na, K2CO3, AlCl3-NaCl, etc) at a relatively lower temperature (usually between 160℃ and 700℃). In this procedure, both oxidative and reductive conditions are applicable by sparging air/oxygen or an inert gas (Lin et al., 2017; Flandinet et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2019). As a result, organic compounds are removed, and emissions are controlled. In the case of recycling of spent LIBs, the thermal processes are usually designed to peel off the cathode constituents from the aluminium foil and remove the organic binder, electrolytes, separators and graphite from the structure while in the recycling of WPCBs, the main concern is the decomposition of boards, destruction of the rigid structure, and the liberation of metals (Hassan et al., 2010; Lin et al., 2015; Reddy et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2017).
Solar Electric Systems
Published in Robert K. McMordie, Mitchel C. Brown, Robert S. Stoughton, Solar Energy Fundamentals, 2021
Robert K. McMordie, Mitchel C. Brown, Robert S. Stoughton
Solar power tower systems have been built which use water, liquid sodium, or air as the heat absorbing media at the receiver. The advantage molten salt provides over the other fluids is the ability of the molten salt to store thermal energy. This allows the molten salt solar power tower system to operate and produce electricity when the sun is not shining.
Heat transfer analysis of turbulent forced-convection flow in a wavy absorber tube containing a molten salt-based hybrid nanofluid filled with a porous material
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2023
Bouziane Boudraa, Rachid Bessaïh
As a conclusion of a bibliography review, molten salt is an important heat storage medium for moderate and higher temperature solar energy applications. In addition, the thermal storage capacity and heat transmission performance of molten salt are essential factors that contribute to boosting the performance of solar thermal power plants. For this purpose, much research is required in this field to improve the properties of the traditional molten salts used to enhance their heat transfer rate on the one hand and to improve the effectiveness of the studied system studied on the other hand. In the current study, we investigated the thermal performance of a wavy absorber tube instead of the traditional straight absorber tube used in parabolic solar collector. The wavy tube used is filled with a porous material due to its importance in improving the heat transfer rate. Furthermore, two types of nanoparticles, namely were dispersed in three traditional molten salts called Hitec, Hitec XL and Solar salt to improve their thermophysical properties. The aim of this work is to study the effect of porous material’s characteristics, the volume concentration of the nanoparticles on fluid flow, heat exchange, pressure drop, pumping power, skin friction factor and effectiveness. A comparison was also made between the types of hybrid molten salts used. Finally, we were motivated and inspired to perform this study because it hasn’t been done before and is seen to be a real contribution in the field of concentrated solar energy.
Numerical investigation of behaviour of small modular molten salt reactor freeze plug under various reactor operating conditions
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2023
Mahmut Cüneyt Kahraman, Senem Şentürk Lüle
Molten salts are utilized in a variety of energy systems, not only for power generation but also for energy storage. Their utilization in energy storage includes solar energy systems [6, 7], and nuclear hybrid energy systems [8]. Yang et al. (2022) reported that molten salts as heat transfer fluid have great significance to improve heat exchanger performance [9]. Moreover, they are employed in MSRs as part of power generation technology [10]. MSRs present many advantages such as more efficient transfer of heat from the fuel to the coolant due to homogeneity of the fuel salt, lack of fuel meltdown [11] risk since the fuel is molten in the core, easy fabrication of reactor vessel due to reactor running at atmospheric pressure, and less chance of radioactive leakage [12]. In addition, Brovchenko et al. (2019) reported that the temperature coefficient of a fast-spectrum molten salt reactor (MSFR) is negative [13] thus reactivity can be controlled passively without control rods.
Pyrometallurgy and Electrometallurgy of Rare Earths – Part A: Analysis of Metallothermic Reduction and Its Variants
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2023
Muhammad Musaddique Ali Rafique
Fused salt or molten salt is a salt that is solid at ambient temperature and enters the liquid phase at elevated temperature. A molten salt has a low viscosity, high heat capacity, and high electrical and thermal conductivity. This electrolyte has been used for some applications like transferring heat in solar tower, as a catalyst in coal gasification, in a molten salt reactor. It can also be used for extracting nonferrous metals such as: aluminum, titanium, and magnesium (in chloride bath) and rare earths by electrolysis. Comparing with molten salts’ properties, the aqueous solutions have some limitations in some applications such as (a) cannot withstand at high temperature condition, cannot transfer heat sufficiently, and have a higher energy of formation (less reactive) than rare earth oxides, which makes the reaction unlikely to occur in extracting rare earth oxides. Disadvantages are fused salts are corrosive especially when an oxidant is present and have a volume expansion upon melting of about 25%. These values can cause adverse effect in some application and severely damage the environment. Nevertheless, the ongoing research of thermodynamics, chemistry, and electrochemistry of fused salt is still needed so that fused salt technology can fully be understood and developed in future.