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Study on Mg-based Biodegradable Orthopaedic Implants and their Corrosion Behaviour: A Review
Published in Purna Chandra Mishra, Muhamad Mat Noor, Anh Tuan Hoang, Advances in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2022
Pradipta Kumar Rout, Dinesh Kumar Rathore, Sudesna Roy
Magnesium and its alloys are being considered as a new class of materials, owing to their fair strength-to-weight ratio, good flowability during melting, excellent damping capacity and biocompatibility properties. In the automobile and aerospace industries, it finds more utility because of its low density and damping properties. The researchers are trying to promote its uses not only in the automobile and aerospace industries, but in the health sectors also. Mg-alloys are used extensively in the electronic industries, health sector and power plants. Despite all these favourable properties, Mg has poor ductility due to its hexagonal closed-packed crystal structure (HCP). In consideration to its corrosion properties, it degrades relatively faster in an aqueous environment, evolves H2 gas and undergoes significant mass loss [1, 2]. Besides, engineering applications of Mg alloys equally find their suitability for biomedical implants, i.e. orthopaedic and cardiovascular implants. In recent years, many researchers have been working to eliminate the drawbacks associated with Mg-based materials by optimising their production processes. Strength modulus and degradation rate can be typically tailored by composition optimisation, surface modification, microstructure alteration and by choosing appropriate production roots such as casting, powder metallurgy, rolling, extrusion, additive manufacturing, etc. [3, 4]. In this paper, Mg-based biodegradable materials properties concerning human bone and their optimisation processes are discussed based on previous studies by researchers.
Mg with High Purity for Biomedical Applications
Published in Yufeng Zheng, Magnesium Alloys as Degradable Biomaterials, 2015
As mentioned, two dominating methods for producing raw pure Mg are electrolysis of molten Mg chloride and thermal reduction of Mg oxides. Among the two traditional methods, the Pidgeon process, the silico-thermic reduction of Mg using ferrosilicon (FeSi) as a reduction agent, is still a popular route to produce Mg (see Figure 5.2). In China, it is also the only Mg production process at present (Ehrenberger et al. 2008). The Mg vapor condenses in a water-cooled condenser, and high-purity Mg can be obtained because the vapor pressure of potential impurities (Ca, Fe, Cu, etc.) is low under these conditions (Wulandari et al. 2010). Because the Pidgeon process suffers from low productivity, a high labor requirement, and high energy consumption (not a green route), significant work has been done on trying to develop more sustainable routes for raw Mg production around the world (Wulandari et al. 2010).
Magnesium and Its Alloys
Published in Omar Faruk , Jimi Tjong , Mohini Sain, Lightweight and Sustainable Materials for Automotive Applications, 2017
D. Sameer Kumar, C. Tara Sasanka
The name magnesium originated from the Greek word for a district in Thessaly called Magnesia. It was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808 and in metallic form by Antoine Bussy in 1831. Davy’s first suggestion was magnium, but later it became magnesium [1]. Its chemical symbol is Mg.
Production of activated carbon from Elaeagnus angustifolia seeds using H3PO4 activator and methylene blue and malachite green adsorption
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Orhan Baytar, A. Abdullah Ceyhan, Ömer Şahin
Synthetic dyes are widely used in various industries such as textile, plastic, leather, dyeing, paper and pharmaceuticals. Approximately 700,000 tons of dyestuffs are produced annually and there are around 100,000 different types of commercial dyestuffs (Lee et al. 2006). The presence of dyestuffs in wastewater increases its chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand and the number of suspended particles (Dai et al. 2020). Methylene blue is a widely used cationic dye and the main component of wastewater from these industries. Previous studies have revealed that exposure to MB can cause eye injuries and skin damage, with high heart rate, digestive upset, nausea, vomiting, and tissue necrosis directly due to the ingestion of MB. Therefore, it is considered important to develop an efficient and advanced treatment method for the removal of MB from wastewater to ensure a safe and healthy environment (Egbosiuba et al. 2020). Malachite green, one of the most commonly used dyes, is used in the textile industry. It is also widely used as a disinfectant in the fish breeding and aquaculture industry. Exposure to MG can cause mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects on humans. Therefore, MG should be removed from the water to avoid adverse effects on human health and the environment (Zhao et al. 2020).
Ti/β-TCP composite porous scaffolds fabricated by direct ink writing
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2023
Guangbin Zhao, Qingxian Zhang, Xiaoli Qu, Yanlong Wu, Xu Chen, Yaning Wang, Hang Tian, Yaxiong Liu, Zhikang Li, Bingheng Lu
To prepare a metal-bioceramic composite bone repair scaffold, titanium and β-TCP were selected as the main materials in this study. Compared to Ti6Al4 V used in other literature (Yi et al. 2020; Li et al. 2021) investigations, titanium has excellent mechanical properties and can provide good mechanical support for large bone defects without the risk of releasing harmful ions. β-Ti alloys have been used as potential materials for biomedical applications due to their higher strength and lower modulus (Sing 2022). β-Ti alloys consist of various nontoxic elements, such as tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, tin, and zirconium. In the process of co-sintering with TCP, more complex reactions will occur on the interface that are difficult to control. Zn has been regarded as a novel potential implant biomaterial due to its desirable biodegradability and good biocompatibility, but its low strength and ductility limit its application in bone repair (Gao et al. 2019; Zhou et al. 2022). Mg alloy is a light alloy with low density and high specific strength. It should be noted that Mg degrades too rapidly in the human body environment and does not match the rate of new bone formation (Zhou et al. 2022; Shuai et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2022). For bioceramic materials in composite scaffolds, the use of both α-TCP and HA has been studied. α-TCP dissolves very quickly, and its sintering temperature is high. It expands during the phase transition, leading to a decrease in its mechanical properties. β-TCP has better biodegradability and osteogenic properties than HA. After degradation, secondary pores are produced to enhance bone ingrowth. Most importantly, β-TCP has good biological activity and stable chemical properties at high temperatures (Cho et al. 2007).
Strengthening behaviour of forged in-situ developed magnesium composites
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023
Harprabhjot Singh, Deepak Kumar, Nooruddin Ansari
Magnesium (Mg) is the lightest structural metal with a high strength-to-weight ratio. Currently, Mg alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, biomedical and military applications [1–8]. Mg alloys and composites can help to achieve half carbon emissions by 2050 for the aviation sector [9]. Thus lots of researchers are working to improve its applicability [10–12]. High strength, good ductility, easy manufacturability, and low cost are prime areas for developing any alloy/composite. A few limitations in developing high-strength Mg alloys are limited solubility of major alloying elements [13] and continuous intermetallic phases contributing to increased brittleness [14].