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Underground hard rock (metal/non-metal) mining
Published in A.J.S. (Sam) Spearing, Liqiang Ma, Cong-An Ma, Mine Design, Planning and Sustainable Exploitation in the Digital Age, 2023
A.J.S. (Sam) Spearing, Liqiang Ma, Cong-An Ma
The first chemical explosive was gunpowder, or black powder, a mixture of charcoal, sulphur and potassium nitrate (also known as saltpeter). It was invented by the Chinese over 1,000 years ago and used mainly for fireworks at celebrations. It was first used as a weapon of war by the Europeans for firing cannons, etc., who probably learnt about it from traders in China.
Risk Perception, Risk Management, and Safety Assessments
Published in Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Computational Intelligence and Data Sciences, 2022
N. Indumathi, R. Ramalakshmi, N. Selvapalam, V. Ajith
Manufacturing fireworks requires certain skills, production methods, and often many undefined parameters, which are often trade secrets of these industries. Chemicals such as barium nitrate, potassium nitrate, potassium chlorate, barium carbonate, phosphorous, sulfur, iron chips, lead oxide, charcoal, dextrin and aluminum are often involved in the process of making effective fireworks. These chemicals are mixed in a proper proportion for manufacturing different types of crackers. Trained and skilled workers are the assets of these industries. On several occasions, manufacturing companies introduced machines for the production of fireworks, but the quality of the crackers often did not match that of the materials made by the humans. Nevertheless, accidents are prone to occur in these industries when humans are involved in the process of manufacturing fireworks. For example, chemical substances are needed to be filled into paper tubes with tight packing. There are plenty of opportunities for impact, friction, and static electricity charges that can lead to accidents in the fireworks industries. Charcoal, alternate chemicals, and water are combined into a paste and applied on cotton wicks. After drying, the wicks are cut to the required length and attached to the crackers and specific fireworks. The fuses are inserted and allowed to dry. For drying the goods, specially prepared systems are used. Typically, the common strategy is to dry the products twice inside the production unit, once during the process of fixing the fuse and again after the products are finished. Therefore, there is a risk of mud accumulation and overheating that can result in accidents (Ravi and Gandhinathan, 2013).
Health risk assessment in children by PM10 inhalation in Guadalajara metropolitan area over 2011–2018
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Míriam Ramos-Franco, Leonel Hernández-Mena, José de Jesús Díaz-Torres, Daryl Rafael Osuna-Laveaga, Valeria Ojeda-Castillo, Valentín Flores-Payán
The literature indicates that festivities with fireworks are a global phenomenon that affects air quality and can produce adverse health effects (González 2017; Pongpiachan et al. 2018; Hickey et al. 2020). Some studies show that during fireworks events, increases and the presence of certain metals have been found in PM such as Pb, Ba, Fe, Cr, As, Co, Ti, Cu, Sr, among others; Likewise, they mention that the size and composition of PM vary according to the type of pyrotechnics used (Tian et al. 2014; Hamad et al. 2016; Pongpiachan et al. 2018; Hickey et al. 2020).