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Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria in Agricultural Soils
Published in Vivek Kumar, Rhizomicrobiome Dynamics in Bioremediation, 2021
Guillermo Bravo, Paulina Vega-Celedón, Constanza Macaya, Ingrid-Nicole Vasconez, Michael Seeger
Mancozeb (MCZ) is a manganese and zinc ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide and bactericide (Fig. 2), classified in the multi-site action group (group M) by FRAC (https://www.frac.info/docs, Kakitani et al. 2017). The fungicidal activity of MCZ derives from the bisisothiocyanate sulfide and ethylene bisisothiocyanate compounds generated during MCZ exposure to water and UV light. These toxic compounds interfere with sulphydryl groups of fungal enzymes, which affect cytoplasmic and mitochondrial biochemical processes (Gullino et al. 2010, Yang et al. 2019).
Mangifera indica (Mango) against Anthracnose Disease
Published in Mark Anglin Harris, Confronting Global Climate Change, 2019
The fungicide mancozeb, a dithiocarbamate (a carbamate in which both oxygen atoms per molecule are replaced by sulfur atoms; Figure 21.9), belongs to a class of synthetic organic compound containing sulfur and often a sulfur-bound metal. It is this combination of metal (zinc and manganese in a specific ratio) and sulfur, bound and carried by the ligand (Figure 21.10), which protects many fruit, vegetable, nut, and field crops. It has a very low toxicity for mammals (Hayes and Laws 1990) and hence is not listed in the “highly dangerous” category, i.e., it does not present a short-term health hazard under normal use (New Jersey Government 2018). Mancozeb works by attacking the SH (sulfhydryl) groups of amino acids and enzymes within fungal cells, thereby disrupting lipid metabolism, respiration and the production of adenosine triphosphate groups of some enzymes in the fungal cells, such as when the Zn2+ replaces H+. Nevertheless, as stated in the previous chapter, the toxicity of ethylene thiourea (ETU), which is a metabolite of the class of chemicals in which mancozeb is included and a Class B carcinogen (cancer-causing in non-human test animals), and which is leached out into the environment (Hayes and Laws 1990), should not be overlooked. In addition to fungicides, dithiocarbamates are used in agriculture as insecticides and herbicides. A typical dithiocarbamate, where R, R′ and R″ depict organic ends.Schematic diagram of the dithiocarbamate “mancozeb,” where each single-bonded S atom carries an extra negative charge, thereby linking the divalent cations.
Toxic Metals and Agrochemicals in Soils in Malaysia: Current Problems and Mitigation Plans
Published in P.M. Huang, I.K. Iskandar, M. Chino, T.B. Goh, P.H. Hsu, D.W. Oscarson, L.M. Shuman, Soils and Groundwater Pollution and Remediation, 2020
Y. M. Khanif, I. C. Fauziah, J. Shamshuddin
The use of fungicides is confined mainly to horticulture crops and ornamental plants and for treatment of common root, panel, and crown disease of rubber. Small quantities are used in vegetables and tobacco. The chemicals often used for control of fungal disease are copper oxychloride, maneb, and mancozeb.
Pesticide use in Thailand: Current situation, health risks, and gaps in research and policy
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Wisanti Laohaudomchok, Noppanun Nankongnab, Somkiat Siriruttanapruk, Pakasinee Klaimala, Witoon Lianchamroon, Prokchol Ousap, Marut Jatiket, Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul, Noppadon Kitana, Wattasit Siriwong, Thiravat Hemachudhah, Jutamaad Satayavivad, Mark Robson, Lindsay Jaacks, Dana Boyd Barr, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie
Thailand continues to increase its annual import of pesticides. Commonly imported insecticide classes included organophosphate (OP; e.g., chlorpyrifos), carbamate (e.g., fenobucarb, methomyl), and pyrethroid (e.g., cypermethrin, deltamethrin). The most commonly imported herbicides were paraquat, glyphosate, 2,4-D, ametryn, and atrazine. The most commonly imported fungicides were dithiocarbamate, mancozeb, carbendazim, and captan (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, 2020). The import trends of these 3 major types of pesticides from 2008–2019, as well as the total value of these imports are shown in Figure 1.
Pesticide exposure and genotoxic effects as measured by DNA damage and human monitoring biomarkers
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Jones A. Kapeleka, Elingarami Sauli, Patrick A. Ndakidemi
Carbamate pesticides had been associated with the initiation and facilitation of pathological immune processes which result in immunotoxicity. This is affected through the induction of mutations in genes coding for immunoregulatory factors and modifying immune tolerance (Dhouib et al. 2016). Exposure to dithiocarbamate fungicide, mancozeb leads to significant induction in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei, confirming that exposure to carbamates can induce genotoxicity in humans (Srivastava et al. 2012).
Role of Ozone in Post-Harvest Disinfection and Processing of Horticultural Crops: A Review
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
S Vijay Rakesh Reddy, D.V Sudhakar Rao, R.R. Sharma, P. Preethi, R Pandiselvam
The efficacy of different wash treatments, viz., Cl, ClO2, CH3CO3H, and O3 in elimination of few pesticides such as ethylene thiourea and themancozeb from fresh and processed apples was studied by Hwang, Cash, and Zabik (2001). They found that among all the wash treatments, 3.0 ppm ozone (O3) was found to be effective in thoroughly eliminating ethylene-thiourea (100%) and partial reduction of mancozeb by 56–97%.