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Emergence of Nanovesicular Systems for Topical Delivery of Natural Bioactives
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Om Prakash Katare, Eliana B. Souto, NanoAgroceuticals & NanoPhytoChemicals, 2018
Gajanand Sharma, Kanika Thakur, Akanksha Mahajan, Guneet Singh Randhawa, Bhupinder Singh, Om Prakash Katare
Chen et al. (2014) developed conventional liposomes of catechin for management of skin ailments and skin-aging conditions, and using porcine skin barrier, concluded that liposomes demonstrated highly significantly enhanced skin permeation and retention of catechin vis-à-vis catechin solution. Jøraholmen et al. (2015)developed resveratrol (RES)-loaded liposomes, coated with chitosan, for dermal treatment of vaginal inflammation and associated infections. The biochemical investigations and cytokine studies supported the enhanced antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of coated vesicles as compared to the drug solution. Castangia et al. (2015) incorporated liquorice extract, obtained from ethanolic percolation of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. roots into liposomes, to facilitate topical delivery. The results of in vitro studies revealed that liquorice extract loaded into the lipid vesicles showed superior antioxidant activity and efficiency to pure glycyrrhizin solution.
Terpenoids in Treatment of Immunological Disease
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Avik Sarkar, Surajit Bhattacharjee
Glycyrrhizin: Glycyrrhizin is a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from liquorice root Glycyrrhiz aglabra. The compound has profound efficacy on wide variety of diseases conditions and there are numerous in vitro reports. Akamatsu et al. (1991) found that glycyrrhizin is not strictly a ROS scavenger but to execute its anti-inflammatory action, it blocks the ROS production in neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner (Akamatsu et al., 1991). Reports also suggest that glycyrrhizin blocked IL-6 and TNF-α production in RAW 264.7 cells when they are subjected to LPS challenge (Liu et al., 2014). Glycyrrhizin was also found to inhibit JNK, p38 protein and ERK in bone marrow–derived macrophages. Honda et al. (2012) demonstrated that glycyrrhizin inhibited NF-κB activation and IL-6 production when triggered by paclitaxel, a nonbacterial TLR4 ligand. It was also shown to block the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which is associated with the anti-inflammatory response manifestation via inhibition of CC-chemokine ligand-2 production by neutrophils. Lipid A–induced NF-κB activation in Ba/F3 cells expressing TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 was also found to be blocked by glycyrrhizin (Honda et al., 2012). Schröfelbauer et al. (2009) described the effectiveness of glycyrrhizin on ameliorating inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages. They showed that the inflammatory response was blocked by the down-regulation of TLR3 and TLR4 ligands along with stalling the NF-κB pathway and modulating the MAPK pathway (Schröfelbauer et al., 2009). Glycyrrhizin is also known to restrict the activation of STAT-3, reduce the up-regulation of intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and P-selectin expression along with down-regulating of neutrophil infiltration (Etulain et al., 2015). Xie et al. (2015) reported that magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (a magnesium salt of glycyrrhizic acid) has an anti-inflammatory property. The mechanism by which it acts is via blocking the PLA2/arachidonic acid pathway and promotes the release of pathway-generated inflammatory lipid mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages (Xie et al., 2015).
Fate of pyrazines in the flavored liquids of e-cigarettes
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2018
Rachel El-Hage, Ahmad El-Hellani, Rola Salman, Soha Talih, Alan Shihadeh, Najat Aoun Saliba
Even though pyrazine was not listed on the label as one of the ECIG additives, it was detected in most of the analyzed samples, as shown in Table 2. The total pyrazine concentration ranged between 0 in Retro Roots, Vaporzone Red Tobacco, South Beach Red Tobacco, and Halo Malibu to 1711 µg/mL in ECBlend Kettle Corn. Only two of the 14 tested samples had only one type of pyrazine compound: Apollo Blueberry Kona Coffee contained 8.6 µg/mL of TMP, and Retro-Cheesecake Waltz contained 138.4 µg/mL of AcP. Samples that had a “nutty” or “coffee” flavor showed more than one derivative of pyrazine (e.g., Wow Hazelnut Coffee, Wow Peanut Butter, ECBlend Kettle Corn, and ECBlend Buttered Keoke Rum Coffee). High concentrations and three different pyrazine derivatives were detected in tobacco and liquorice flavors (e.g., Apollo Tobacco, Halo Tribeca, and Medusa Charon Liquorice).