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Photocatalytic Inactivation of Pathogenic Viruses Using Metal Oxide and Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Lan Ching Sim, Wei Qing Wee, Shien Yoong Siow, Kah Hon Leong, Jit Jang Ng, Pichiah Saravanan
Lin et al. (2019) and Tong et al. (2020) have reported the studies of CDs derived from Chinese medicine, namely from licorice root and curcumin respectively. Glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizin acid) is the main active constituent of licorice root. Glycyrrhizin (Fu et al. 2005) and curcumin (Gera et al. 2017) have both shown antiviral, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and antimicrobial properties. However, cytotoxicity and water solubility limit the application of both compounds. To overcome the disadvantages, they have demonstrated that by converting glycyrrhizin and curcumin to CDs (Gly-CDs and Cur-CDs respectively), the CDs were able to show high biocompatibility. Gly-CDs showed excellent inactivation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). It was found to inhibit PRRSV invasion and replication, as well as ROS production induced by PRRSV infection. Cur-CDs, on the other hand, showed excellent inactivation of enterovirus 71 (EV71). Cur-CDs were found to inhibit viral attachment to host cell thus suppressing the EV71-induced ROS (Lin et al. 2019; Tong et al. 2020).
Herbal Supplements and Health
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Himangini Bansal, Sakshi Bajaj
There is an expanding interest for natural drugs, health products, and prescription drugs. Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn is a plant utilized in conventional drug over the world for its ethnopharmacological reason. It is observed to contain significant phytoconstituents, for example, glycyrrhizinic acid, glycyrrhizin, isoflavones, and glabrin A and B. It is effectively used as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-ulcer, antitussive, antioxidant, skin whitening, and antidiuretic agent. The prevailing article is a push to accumulate the available literature on Glycyrrhiza glabra concerning its conventional uses, bioactive elements, and pharmacologic activities. This might be valuable in finding potential therapeutical effects and growing new details (Damle, 2014). Glycyrrhizin had an antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C viruses; however, the mechanism is still not known. It might be credited to the hindrance of viral adherence to host cell, replication, different transduction mechanism, incitement of immune system, or complex mechanism, including at least one of the past (Fiore et al., 2008). In Japan, glycyrrhizin when given by intravenously improved liver capacity and serum hepatic transaminases (Coon and Ernst, 2004). Hepatoprotective impact of glycyrrhizin was inspected in various animals, and in vitro models proposed appearing in actuated liver toxicity with carbon tetrachloride estimating the possible mechanism to be connected with the restraint of the hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 activation of tetrachloride (Jeong et al., 2002). Different investigations indicated a decrease in induced liver cells irritation on initiated by TNF-α by glycyrrhizin (Hong-Jhan et al., 2014), which needs higher affirmation with other distinctive hepatic-induced injuries or different transgenic or knock out creatures. Recent investigations appeared beneficial for the alcoholic root concentrate of Glycyrrhiza glabra on induction of autophagy-associated cell death in harmful prostatic cell lines and down directed the cell division in breast malignant cell instigated by endocrine aggravating chemicals; yet, at the same time, these discoveries need more research endeavors. In adjusting and improving immune reaction, test results demonstrated some logical inconsistency where glycyrrhizin had an up-managing impact over dendritic cells and immune responses through T helper 1 response (Bordbar et al., 2012), whereas in another test, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid impaired that up-regulation (Kim et al., 2013), which still remains a question of exploration. The antitussive impact of water concentrate of Glycyrrhiza glabra on guinea pigs was more compelling than codeine (Saha et al., 2011). Glycyrrhizic acid recoupled the interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 levels in ovalbumin-actuated asthma animal model (Ma et al., 2013). Glycyrrhizin additionally improved the action of both epoxide hydrolase and thioredoxin reductase compounds, thereby re-establishing the NF-κB (Qamar et al., 2012).
Hydrodynamic optimisation to control membrane fouling in glycyrrhizic acid (GA) recovery from the licorice root extract
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2021
S. P. Shewale, S. V. Jadhav, V. K. Rathod
The phenolic compounds play an important role in improving the superiority and nutritious value of food [1]. The general source of phenolic compounds is the crude extract of fruits, herbs, vegetables, cereals and other plant materials [2]. They are found in edible and non-edible plants, and they have been reported to have multiple biological benefits, including antioxidant activity [3]. The licorice root extract has been traditionally used as an important remedial herb for liver diseases, viral fever, stomach pain, etc. [4]. The key active components present in licorice are mainly glycyrrhizic acid (GA), glycoside and glycyrrhizin. These components constitute up to 14% of the total soluble solids content, and they are responsible for the sweet taste in the licorice root extracts [5]. The licorice root also consists of other components in small quantities such as isoflavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids, saponoids, gums and so on [6]. GA is a triterpenoid glycoside compound and a weak acid with five hydroxyl and three carboxyl groups [7,8]. In modern history, licorice root extract is widely used in food, sweet and pharmaceutical products such as herbal supplement, candy, cough syrups, food and drinks [9].
Glycyrrhizin and Omega-3 fatty acids have hepatoprotective roles through toll-like receptor-4
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Nada F. Abo El-Magd, Amro El-Karef, Mamdouh M. El-Shishtawy, Laila A. Eissa
Glycyrrhizin (GL), the main bioactive component of licorice root extract, is a glycosylated saponin composed of one molecule of glycyrrhetinic acid and two molecules of glucuronic acid [9]. GL has potent anti-inflammatory properties which are thought to play a vital role in its hepatoprotective effects [10]. GL is reported to bind directly to HMGB1 so it decreases the HMGB1 concentration [11]. Experimental strategies that selectively target HMGB1 prevent activation of innate immunity and inflammation effectively. So, they protect different tissues against injury and damage [7].