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Introduction to Phosphors, Rare Earths, Properties and Applications
Published in Vijay B. Pawade, Sanjay J. Dhoble, Phosphors for Energy Saving and Conversion Technology, 2018
Vijay B. Pawade, Sanjay J. Dhoble
These consist of metallic elements as given in the periodic table. They have a specific atomic number including a stable oxidation state, having a large number of nonlocalized electrons. The properties of the metal are directly attributable to the unbonded electron. Usually, metals are discussed based on their metallic properties, such as luster, opacity, malleability, ductility, melting point, electrical and thermal conductivity, and so on. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in which the host component is a metal. Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle, or chemically reactive. Thus, combining different ratios of metals as alloys can be helpful to modify the properties of pure metals and to obtain desirable characteristics. Some well-known examples of metallic materials are aluminum (Al3+), copper (Cu+), zinc (Zn2+), and so on, and their alloys. Generally, they are available in bulk or powder form. We know that metals have higher densities than most non-metals [90]. Groups IA and IIA correspond to alkali and alkaline earth metals. They are referred as the light metals due to their low density, low hardness, low melting points, and so on [90]. The high density of most metals corresponds to the tightly packed crystal lattice of the metallic structure.
Overview of Pulsed Electron Beam Treatment of Light Metals
Published in T. S. Srivatsan, T. S. Sudarshan, K. Manigandan, Manufacturing Techniques for Materials, 2018
Subramanian Jayalakshmi, Ramachandra Arvind Singh, Sergey Konovalov, Xizhang Chen, T. S. Srivatsan
Aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), and titanium (Ti) are classified as lightweight structural metals having a density of 2.7, 1.74, and 4.2 g/cc, respectively. In recent years, commensurate with advances in technology, the light metals are a preferred choice for a variety of structural and functional applications in automotive, aerospace/space, sports, electronics, and biomedical industries. Traditionally, cast iron and steel were the preferential choice for use in structural applications. With an observable advancement in production/extraction methods, these lightweight metals have gradually replaced cast iron and steel for both components and products. For example, in a car, replacement of iron and/or steel engine by magnesium or aluminum can lead to a 22% to 70% reduction in weight. Frame replacement of a car seat made from steel by an alloy of magnesium can reduce weight by as much as 64% (Tharumarajah and Koltun 2007). Since a reduction in density favors a reduction in weight, replacing traditionally used metals by lightweight counterparts will result in an enhancement in specific strength [σ/ρ], specific stiffness [E/ρ] properties, and concurrent improvement in both mileage and fuel efficiency. In Section 11.1.1, properties and applications of aluminum, magnesium, and titanium light metals and their alloy counterparts are presented.
Tribology of Aluminum and Aluminum Matrix Composite Materials for Automotive Components
Published in Omar Faruk , Jimi Tjong , Mohini Sain, Lightweight and Sustainable Materials for Automotive Applications, 2017
Sandeep Bhattacharya, Ahmet T. Alpas
Automobile companies are responding to progressively stringent fuel economy requirements by applying several lightweighting strategies. Consumers, on the other hand, demand improved interior comforts and advanced electronic systems for safety, navigation, and entertainment; most of which contribute to weight increase. New materials are being considered for incorporation into vehicle designs if they provide benefits at an affordable cost. To meet these challenges, automotive manufacturers are increasingly opting for lightweight metals with higher strength-to-weight ratios [1–3]. Light metals add considerable value by improving fuel economy, driveability, and performance. However, before a new material can be specified by a product engineer, several issues require resolution, including the effects on vehicle dynamics, durability, damageability, repair, and crash worthiness. These attributes relate to the effect of metallurgical characteristics and the impact of manufacturing practice on material and product performance. Engine blocks, suspension components, body panels, and frame members manufactured from Al are increasingly common. Meanwhile, replacing the traditional roles of current automotive materials with advanced metal-matrix micro- and nano-composites not only reduce mass, but also improve reliability and efficiency [4–6]. Engineering improvements that reduce emissions, such as using materials that reduce piston/cylinder bore clearance or by using composite inserts that enable reducing piston upper land thickness, are associated with an increased cost but, at the same time, help to improve air quality. A comprehensive review of the current and potential application for Al and Al matrix composites (AMCs) in the automotive industry has been provided here and primarily discusses the tribological behavior of AMCs. As a background, the sliding wear behavior of unreinforced Al alloys is also discussed. It is to be noted that wear resistance is not a material property; the mechanism of wear of a particular material, and the associated rate of wear, depend critically on the precise conditions to which it is subjected [7].
The Production of Rare Earth based Magnesium and Aluminium Alloys – A Review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2023
Ahmad Rizky Rhamdani, Muhammad Akbar Rhamdhani, Geoffrey Brooks, Mark I. Pownceby, Yudi Nugraha Thaha, Trevor B. Abbott, John Grandfield, Chris Hartley
Aluminum and magnesium are classified as light metals (LM) because their specific gravities are relatively low (2.70 and 1.74, respectively) compared to other commonly used metals such as Fe (7.87) and Cu (8.96) (Rumble 2021). The high strength to weight ratio of light metals is also considered beneficial for their use in applications where low weight and high strength are important, such as in transportation (Bray 2020, 2022). Compared to commonly used steels, however, there are a number of properties of Mg that limit its application such as poor ductility, limited creep resistance, and high susceptibility to corrosion (Bian et al. 2022; Esmaily et al. 2017; Mordike and Ebert 2001; Tekumalla et al. 2014). Similarly, pure Al also has limited corrosion resistance, for example where chloride is present in significant quantities such as in coastal regions or in chemical plants, has relatively low strength, and is very flexible (Megson 2012; Schofield 2001). To improve the mechanical and corrosion properties of Al and Mg, different elements are often added as alloying agents. The most common alloying elements with Mg include Al, Zn, Mn, Si, Cu, and Zr (either alone or in combination) while Al is typically alloyed with Cu, Mg, Zn, Sn, Si, and Mn.
Experimental study of the influence of the process parameters in the milling of Al6082-T6 alloy
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2019
M. Jebaraj, M. Pradeep Kumar, N. Yuvaraj, G. Mujibar Rahman
Light metal such as Al alloy has always attracted applications in the production of automotive and aerospace parts owing to their benefit of small density that directs to saving of fuel cost.[1,2] When light materials replace heavy materials, it should not deteriorate the properties of the product.[3] For structural field, after steel, Al alloy is the mainly preferred metal. End milling of Al 6082-T6 alloy is an essential and present study associated with manufacturing. Machining industry faces complexities such as higher Tc, higher cutting forces, more tool wear, poor surface finish and chip disposal problem during the machining of aluminium components in dry condition.[4] Typically, usage of coolant in metal cutting is meant to overcome the challenges seen in dry machining. Conventional cutting fluids constitute a significant portion of the total cost apart from ecological nuisance and health problem to operators.[5] In modern days, the cryogenic coolants replace conventional cutting fluids in the machining industry due to its positive effects. The material performance, reflected in mechanical and physical characteristics is enhanced by the cryogenic temperature.[6–8] Many researchers have concluded that cryogenic coolants such as cryogenic CO2 and LN2 reduce tool wear, improve surface finish, enhance corrosion resistance, and reduce cutting force, decrease spindle chatter, ignoring the cost of cutting fluid disposal.[9–11]
On the strengthening and the strength reducing mechanisms at aluminium matrix composites reinforced with nano-sized TiCN particulates
Published in Philosophical Magazine, 2021
Lubomir Anestiev, Rumyana Lazarova, Peter Petrov, Vanya Dyakova, Lenko Stanev
The development of new structural materials exhibiting high strength to - weight ratios is of crucial importance to the aerospace and the automotive industries because their application would lead to a reduction of fuel consumption, improvement of the transportation efficiency, and reduction of the greenhouse gases. For this reason, nowadays close attention is paid to the light metals, e.g. aluminium, magnesium and titanium, and their alloys. Although considerable advancement has been made in producing a variety of new alloys, which fit the requirements above, the task in the development of new materials that combine high strength, low density, good machinability, easiness of manufacturing, and low cost of production, is still not fully solved. One of the ways in producing new materials, which are believed to combine the properties above, is the development of metal matrix composites (MMCs), based e.g. on aluminium. Over the last two decades the aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with high strength nano-sized particulates; carbides (SiC, B4C), carbonitrides (TiCN), oxides (Al2O3) and recently with carbon nanotubes (CNT), and graphenes, evoked a considerable interest because they fulfil most of the requirements above [1–17]. The wide-scale application of AMCs, however, will require the solution of several problems that pose serious challenges to the researchers and the technologists working in this field of materials science. For instance, the above reinforcement additives posses low adhesion to the Al-based matrix, which could lead to agglomeration of the additives, development of porosity in the matrix, an early mechanical failure during loading, insufficient ductility, etc.