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Microbiological Hazards
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
Recent tuberculin skin test converters run a substantial risk of clinical tuberculosis, ranging from 4 to 23% during several years of follow-up.158–160,217,218 In a number of studies, chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid has been documented to prevent tuberculous infection to progress into clinical disease.219–223 Among groups with a high degree of compliance, the level of protection exceeded 90%.
Relevance of mouse lung tumors to human risk assessment
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Samuel M. Cohen, Yan Zhongyu, James S. Bus
Isoniazid is a drug used for the treatment of tuberculosis since the 1950s, revolutionizing the treatment of tuberculosis. Prior to INH, patients were quarantined for 18–24 months in sanitaria until they were considered to no longer be infectious. With INH, the quarantine period was reduced to less than 2 weeks, not requiring sanitaria. However, when tested by drinking water administration in mice, INH produced high incidences of lung tumors in a short period of time, less than one year, at doses ranging from 0.1% to 0.25% (IARC 1974; 1987; Toth and Shubik 1966; Toth and Toth 1970). In CD mice, the frequency was 100% by 7 months of treatment and was 40% even by 2 months of treatment. In Swiss mice, the incidence after two years was 53% in females compared to 14% in controls and 42% in males compared to 10% in controls. It has also been reported to elevate the frequency of lung tumors in mice when administered subcutaneously but not by intraperitoneal injection, although for the latter route the dose was limited and the time was short. In contrast to the results in mice, there was no marked alteration in incidence of lung tumors in hamsters or rats when administered in the diet or drinking water (IARC 1987).