China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Application of Nanobioformulations for Controlled Release and Targeted Biodistribution of Drugs
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanobiomaterials, 2018
Josef Jampílek, Katarina Král’ová
Ahmad et al. (2006a) prepared ALG-based nanoformulations as a delivery system for frontline antituberculosis drugs, such as rifampicin (RIF), INH, pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol, that were applied as three oral doses to TB-infected mice spaced 15 days apart and resulted in complete bacterial clearance from the organs compared to 45 conventional doses of orally administered free bulk drugs. The relative bioavailabilities of the above drugs encapsulated in ALG NPs were found to be significantly higher than those of the free drugs, and drug levels were maintained at or above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) until day 15 in organs after administration of encapsulated drugs (Ahmad et al., 2006b). Similarly, the bioavailability of aerosolized ALG NPs encapsulating INH, RIF and PZA with the mean particle size of 235 nm was significantly higher than that of oral bulk drugs, and concentration levels of the drugs detected in lungs, liver, and spleen exceeded the MIC until 15 days post nebulization (Zahoor et al., 2005).
New Approaches from Nanomedicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Tuberculosis
Published in Ana Rute Neves, Salette Reis, Nanoparticles in Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 2018
Joana Magalhães, Alexandre C. Vieira, Soraia Pinto, Sara Pinheiro, Andreia Granja, Susana Santos, Marina Pinheiro, Salette Reis
The modern era of TB treatment started after the discovery of streptomycin, in 1944 [4]. A rapid succession of anti-TB drugs appeared in the following years, namely para-aminosalicylic acid (1946), isoniazid (INH, 1951), pyrazinamide (PZA, 1952), rifampin (RIF, 1957) and other rifamycins, and ethambutol (EMB, 1961). In the mid-1960s, the incorporation of RIF in the standard anti-TB regimen allowed the reduction of TB treatment duration to 9 months, and, when used in a regimen that also contained PZA, to 6 months [6, 7].
Therapeutic Nanostructures in Antitubercular Therapy
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Paulami Pal, Subhabrata Ray, Anup Kumar Das, Bhaskar Mazumder
The current treatment of pulmonary TB involves long term oral treatment with high doses of antitubercular drugs, which are associated with unwanted side effects like hepatotoxicity, drug–drug incompatibility, and poor patient compliance, apart from the emergence of drug resistance. The five “first-line” antitubercular agents used at present are: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin. Treatment of TB is an ongoing process. The initial six months of treatment is mandatory due to the existence of the assorted population of both active and dormant tubercular bacilli in an infected human being. Effective medication against active mycobacteria are not always effective against latent mycobacteria, thus extended treatment ensures complete destruction of the whole population of M. tuberculosis. Prolonged treatment with antibiotics helps in the emergence of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis due to genetic mutation. Thus, to reduce the possibility of developing drug-resistant bacilli, at least two effective drugs must be coadministered. Adherence to treatment with the complete schema is essential for the success of the treatment. Non-compliance may lead to therapeutic failure in the individual, but also to the development of M. tuberculosis forms that are antibiotic resistant. To limit the spread of resistance to the antibiotic in the population, short durations for the therapy are recommended under direct observation treatment (DOT). The therapy is composed of four actives, namely isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, for two months, following which isoniazid and rifampicin need to be further administered for an additional four months. DOT requires that a health worker must closely follow every TB patient and observe the patient take every dose of drugs against TB.
Approaches for designing and delivering solid lipid nanoparticles of distinct antitubercular drugs
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Mallikarjun Vasam, Rama Krishna Goulikar
Conventional therapeutic systems came into existence for the treatment of TB with anti-tubercular drugs. The five main types of drugs used in chemotherapy for tuberculosis are: First-line anti-tubercular drugs (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Rifabutin, Ethambutol, and Pyrazinamide) work effectively against tuberculosis, while second-line anti-tubercular drugs (Ethionamide, Cycloserine) work well when first-line drugs fail due to drug resistance [4, 9]. In tuberculosis treatment, patients need to take four oral antibiotics every day for six to nine months. Generally, TB is treated in two steps: during the initial phase, most of the live bacilli are killed by treatment with four first-line antibiotics for two months. The second phase is called the continuation phase, in which rifampicin and isoniazid are used daily or three times a week for 4–6 months to kill the bacteria that survived the initiation phase [10], which has complicated long-term conventional treatment has lethal side effects of anti-tubercular drugs may cause poor patients’ compliance, which can lead to the growth of drug-resistant strains.
Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in environmental substrates from three dairy farms in Eastern Cape, South Africa
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Athini Ntloko, Martins Ajibade Adefisoye, Ezekiel Green
First-line anti-tuberculosis agents, including rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and streptomycin or ethambutol, represent the standard treatment of TB. Routine monitoring of drug resistance in MTBC is important due to the limited availability of first-line treatment drugs, the high prices of second-line treatment, and a lack of facilities for the detection of multidrug resistance in Mycobacterium strains (MDR-TB) in many health care centres. A better knowledge of the resistance profiles will also provide useful empirical data for better treatment and management of TB, and facilitate epidemiological surveys. Moreover, environmental contamination with MTBC is considered a key factor in bTB persistence in the multiple-host-pathogen systems. This study, therefore, aimed to use molecular methods to detect and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of MTBC in environmental substrates (soil, water and hayfeed) collected from three dairy farms in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa.
Carbon nanomaterials: a new way against tuberculosis
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Flavio De Maio, Valentina Palmieri, Marco De Spirito, Giovanni Delogu, Massimiliano Papi
TB treatment usually involves a combination of different drugs that when taken appropriately for the entire duration of the treatment, provide up to 95% success rate [20]. Anti-TB drugs are classically divided in first- and second-line drugs. The first-line drugs are Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RIF), Pyrazinamide (PZA) and Ethambutol (EMB). Generally, new cases of active TB, which are thought to be drug susceptible, follow a regimen with the previously mentioned four first-line drugs for 2 months followed by other 4 months of treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin [2,10]. Unfortunately, the emergence of RIF resistant (RR – Mtb), RIF and INH resistant (multi-drug resistant, MDR-TB) and MDR-TB with resistance to at least one fluoroquinolone and a second-line injectable agent (extensively drug resistant, XDR-TB) dramatically reduces the activity of the TB regimen and the success rate. MDR and XDR TB treatment leads to a higher drug toxicity for the host, longer regimens and skyrocketing of the cost [21].