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Nanostructured Drug Carriers for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
Published in Yasser Shahzad, Syed A.A. Rizvi, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Talib Hussain, Drug Delivery Using Nanomaterials, 2022
Talita Nascimento da Silva, Emanuelle Vasconcellos de Lima, Anna Lecticia Martinez Martinez Toledo, Julia H. Clarke, Thaís Nogueira Barradas
Intranasal drug administration can provide both local and systemic effects via nasal absorption and nose-to-brain drug delivery with the potential to treat a wide range of diseases. The advantages of nose-to-brain include higher drug brain bioavailability than oral or intravenous routes since it avoids the first-pass metabolism and guarantee direct access to the brain microenvironment. Although the intranasal route was initially used for topical application, it was later considered a potential route for drugs to reach the brain, possibly by taking the olfactory pathway via the nasal mucosa (Hirlekar and Momin, 2018).
Novel Routes to Accessing the Brain: Intranasal Administration
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Ana Serralheiro, Joana Bicker, Gilberto Alves, Amílcar Falcäo, Ana Fortuna
Direct drug brain delivery with minimal systemic exposure attracted great interest and became one of the most challenging research areas with regard to the treatment of central nervous system (CNS)-related diseases. In opposition to invasive methods like intraparenchymal, intracerebroventricular or intrathecal injections/infusions, non-invasive intranasal delivery has stood out with high drug target efficacy of chronically administered drugs.
Rosemary oil low energy nanoemulsion: optimization, µrheology, in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo characterization
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Nupur Vasdev, Mayank Handa, Prashant Kesharwani, Rahul Shukla
Nanoemulsions are colloidal carriers with better outcomes in the field of nanomedicine. Recently, nanoemulsions are explored via various routes by researchers across the globe. Nanoemulsions are preferably studied for both invasive and non-invasive route of administration like intranasal, intravenous, peroral, and others. Nanoemulsion tends to form nanodroplets with a high surface and fits best for nose-to-brain delivery. Various preclinical studies pertaining to nanoemulsion administration via intranasal route provide promising outcomes. The mechanism behind transportation of nanoemulsion is transcytosis/endocytosis via brain endothelial cells. Moreover, the presence of surfactant in nanoemulsion imparts the fluidizing effect on endothelial cell membranes and enhances drug permeability via the trigeminal and olfactory pathways [4].
Application of ultrasonics for nanosizing drugs and drug formulations
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Ioannis Partheniadis, Rumit R. Shah, Ioannis Nikolakakis
The above examples show that the application of US following melt shear homogenization greatly reduces the particle size to below 100 nm. Besides size reduction, SLN delivers the drug in an amorphous state, which additionally enhances the solubility of BCS II drugs, but also the permeability for BCS I class drugs such as rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate and diazepam (without solubility problems in the administered dose), since the lipidic carriers promote mucosa permeability (73, 75). As a result of these effects, the SNL formulations show significantly improved bioavailability after oral, intranasal, transdermal, and rectal administration and extended release as well, due to an encapsulation in the lipidic carriers. Therefore, as opposed to nanosuspensions (NSSs) which mainly produce nanosized drug particles, SLNs comprise a nearly final nanosized formulation and no further excipients are required. Furthermore, the high level homogenization provided by the US/shear combination ensures excellent drug distribution and content uniformity in the final product, which is critical for low dose drugs (less than 10 mg per dose) which represent most of the described cases.
The modern pharmacological approach to diabetes: innovative methods of monitoring and insulin treatment
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Iulian Tătaru, Oana M. Dragostin, Iuliu Fulga, Florentina Boros, Adelina Carp, Ariadna Maftei, Carmen L. Zamfir, Aurel Nechita
The intranasal route of administration is noninvasive and can be approached for insulin administration [55]. The nasal cavity has a large absorption surface, a rich vascularization [56] and the advantage of avoiding the first-pass metabolism. The permeability of the nasal mucosa to large insulin molecules is increased with the help of ‘absorption enhancers,’ and its transport is done by passive diffusion [57] or carrier-mediated pathway [58]. To overcome the disadvantages of this route of administration, mucoadhesive formulations are used, which by prolonging the contact time, reduce the mucociliary clearance effect [59], and through proteolytic enzyme inhibitors, enzymatic degradation [60] or local irritation is avoided. Thus, the ease with which the patient approaches this route of administration for long-term therapies, increases his adherence to treatment [60]. In addition, nasal administration of insulin also provides better control of postprandial hypoglycemia [61].