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Feedstock Composition
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
The fractionation methods available to the crude oil industry allow a reasonably effective degree of separation of hydrocarbon mixtures (Speight, 2014, 2015). However, the problems are separating the crude oil constituents without alteration of their molecular structure and obtaining these constituents in a substantially pure state. Thus, the general procedure is to employ techniques that segregate the constituents according to molecular size and molecular type.
Energy Demand and Supply
Published in Efstathios E. Michaelides, Energy, the Environment, and Sustainability, 2018
Approximately one-third of the total primary energy produced in the world is used for transportation [1], and most of this energy is derived from petroleum. Land vehicle engines and aircraft engines predominantly use fuels composed of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures—gasoline, diesel, kerosene—all products of petroleum distillation. Although petroleum products have been used for other activities in the past—e.g., for industrial and residential heating, for the production of chemicals, and for electricity production—regional and global transportations consume an increasingly higher fraction of petroleum [1,4]. The increased number and increased usages of land vehicles, ships, and aircraft have caused a significant increase in the global petroleum consumption. Figure 2.12, which covers the same time period as Figure 2.11, shows the corresponding increasing demand for petroleum products in the United States [13]. A couple of significant trends may be observed in this figure: The use of petroleum products has significantly increased in the transportation sector, while it has remained the same or declined in the other economic sectors. As a result, the fraction of petroleum products consumed by the transportation sector gradually rose from approximately 50% in 1960 to more than 71% in 2015. The growth in the demand for petroleum has occurred despite the significant price increase of petroleum relative to other fuels since 1973 and despite several national efforts to curb the petroleum demand and develop alternative transportation fuels.
Nature and Impacts of Stormwater Quality
Published in Roger D. Griffin, Principles of Stormwater Management, 2018
Specific compounds occurring in these hydrocarbon mixtures—such as gasoline or diesel fuels and lubricants—include benzene, toluene, xylene, octanes, additives such as alcohols and methyl t-butyl-ether (MTBE), and complex aromatic ring structures such as anthracene.
The pressure dependence of laminar flame speed of 2-methyl-2-butene/air flames in the 0.1–1.0 MPa range
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2018
Bei-Jing Zhong, Zhao-Mei Zeng, Hui-Sheng Peng
Gasoline is a complex hydrocarbon mixture which mainly consists of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, and aromatics. Alkenes are significant components of gasoline accounting about 20% in the 93# gasoline in China, and they are also important intermediate products during the combustion of alkanes. Previous studies (Colket et al., 2007; Pera and Knop, 2012) found that the primary alkene components of gasoline are numerous isomers in the C5–C6 range, and among them, 2-methyl-2-butene accounts for the largest proportion (1.7 mol% of gasoline and 30 mol% for alkenes of gasoline), followed by cyclopentene (0.9 mol% of gasoline and 16 mol% for alkenes of gasoline). Moreover, alkenes contribute to determining the ignition characteristics of gasoline, including high-octane number which is related to good anti-knock performance. In particular, 2-methyl-2-butene shows strong octane sensitivity which is close to that of octane.