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2 Conversion
Published in Yun Zheng, Bo Yu, Jianchen Wang, Jiujun Zhang, Carbon Dioxide Reduction through Advanced Conversion and Utilization Technologies, 2019
Yun Zheng, Bo Yu, Jianchen Wang, Jiujun Zhang
In addition to the CO2 hydrogenation routes discussed above, there is another thermochemical conversion way to transform CO2 into syngas, namely, CO2 reforming. The generated syngas is applied to produce various fuels/chemicals such as higher alkanes through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.52 In 1928, Fischer and Tropsch53 first made contributions to CO2 reforming of the methane (DRM) process with Ni and Co catalysts. Unfortunately, the CO2 reforming process is accompanied by carbon deposition, which leads to severe catalyst activity deactivation. Thus, much research has been conducted to resolve this issue and improve the stability of this DRM process.9,52,54–56 The key reaction of DRM is52:
Aqueous-Phase Reforming and BioForming Process
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Water for Energy and Fuel Production, 2014
Besides hydrogen, APR can also produce syngas (CO and H2 ), alkanes, and mono-functional groups depending on the nature of the catalyst and the operating conditions. As will be discussed later, the production of hydrogen and syngas requires the breakage of C–C bonds within oxygenated compounds, whereas the production of alkanes and monofunctional groups requires the breakage of C–O bonds within the oxygenated compounds. With most feedstock examined so far, the alkane production is limited to six carbon atoms. More feedstock, catalysts, and reactor designs are needed to produce C8–C15 alkanes from the biomass-derived reactants. The alkanes and monofunctional groups can be further upgraded catalytically by creating new C–C bondages (through condensation reactions) to produce higher alkanes and liquid fuels. The light fuel additives such as pentane and hexane have limited values due to their high volatility. Various reaction paths that can be produced by APR process are schematically illustrated in Figure 6.1 [4].
T < 1000 K)
Published in J. F. Griffiths, J. A. Barnard, Flame and Combustion, 2019
J. F. Griffiths, J. A. Barnard
The low temperature oxidation of organic compounds involves a considerable variety of reactive intermediates and there is a correspondingly large number of molecular products. There is a coherent structure to the elementary reactions involved, which can be coordinated in a formal structure for the kinetics. ‘Higher alkanes’ refers essentially to the series starting with normal butane and isobutane. There is a limited overlap with the behaviour of propane. The main, gaseous reaction pathways spanning the temperature range of approximately 500–850 K are encapsulated in Fig. 7.1, taking butane as a representative case. A number of simplifications are made to maintain clarity.
Study on paraffin wax degrading ability of Pseudomonas nitroreducens isolated from oil wells of Gujarat, India
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Dolly Dalsukhbhai Patel, Lakshmi Bhaskaran
Many oil fields in India produce parafinic crude oil. Deposition of paraffin wax in the well bore region and flow lines is one of the most severe problems in such oil fields which adversely affects the well productivity. Paraffin deposition related problems in oil well tubings have crude oil containing paraffins of carbon chain length of C16 (hexadecane) and higher alkanes (Lazar et al., 1999). To address the problem of paraffin deposition in oil well tubing and pipelines, paraffinic crude oil samples were collected from oil wells of Gujarat and were enriched using minimal salts medium for isolation of paraffin wax degrading microorganisms.