China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Enhanced In Situ Soil-Flushing Fundamentals
Published in Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Remediation of Hazardous Waste Contaminated Soils, 2018
The results of the methanol-flushing experiments are presented in Figures 8 and 9. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and nonane were measured in the methanol effluent after the initial hydrocarbon had been displaced. In Figure 8 the concentrations for each of the components are shown versus the amount of effluent collected. In Figure 9 the components are grouped together and plotted as either BTE (benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene) or TPH (total hydrocarbons). The concentrations of all of the components were initially very high: 0.3 percent by weight for benzene, 1.2 percent by weight for toluene, 2.6 percent by weight for ethylbenzene, 3.0 percent by weight for butylbenzene, and 6.0 percent by weight for nonane, for a total of 13.1 percent by weight. This total hydrocarbon concentration is 55 percent of the solubility of this hydrocarbon composition in methanol. (The solubility of the hydrocarbon mixture in methanol was measured independently to be 24 percent by weight.)
Experimental Investigation of Asphaltene Precipitation
Published in Francisco M. Vargas, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Asphaltene Deposition, 2018
A. T. Khaleel, F. Wang, E. Song, M. Tavakkoli, F. M. Vargas
The asphaltene precipitation onset can be detected by viscosity measurements because of the non-Newtonian rheological behavior of crude oil-asphaltene-precipitant suspensions. Before the asphaltene precipitation onset, the viscosity of the crude oil/precipitant mixture decreases with the addition of precipitant. At the onset, the precipitated asphaltene particles are suspended in the fluid, which increases the apparent viscosity. The viscometric method was proposed to determine the onset of asphaltene precipitation from a crude oil with three different n-alkane precipitants (Escobedo and Mansoori 1995, 1997). More than 30 crude oil/n-alkane samples were prepared to cover the entire range of precipitant concentration varying from 0 to 100 vol%. Glass capillary viscometers with different sizes were used to measure the viscosity of the dark crude oil/n-alkane samples at the entire viscosity range. Figure 3.8 presents the viscosity trend of the crude oil/n-alkane samples with the addition of n-heptane and n-nonane, respectively. The onset of the asphaltene precipitation was determined graphically and enhanced by comparison with a reference system consisting of nonprecipitating solvents, such as toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and their mixtures. The measured onset of Maya crude oil was 32.9 wt% for n-heptane and 35.8 wt% for n-nonane.
Wettability of Fibers and Powders: Application to Reinforced Polymeric Materials
Published in Michel Nardin, Eugène Papirer, Powders and Fibers, 2006
Experimental results show that this model seems to work very well for the glass woven fabrics. They also show that the evaporation of the rising liquid, depending on external conditions (ventilation, temperature, …) plays a major role on the capillary progression. This is illustrated in Figure 9.15 for example, concerning the capillary progression of an-alkane (n-nonane for the present case) in a glass fabric.83 For a saturated atmosphere, a linear relationship h2 versus time is obtained in good agreement with the standard Equation 9.29 based on Washburn’s analysis. However, when the atmosphere is not controlled, it appears that the values of the capillary heights are located below the previous straight line and tend towards a maximum height at equilibrium heq* lower than this given by Equation 9.30.
Investigating the effects of chemical composition of motor oils on their viscosity indices using gas chromatography and chemometrics techniques
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Ahmad Mani-Varnosfaderani, Samaneh Ehsani, Yadollah Yamini
To identify the potentially important chemicals responsible for modeling the viscosity indices, the selected retention times using VIP approach have been identified using GC-MS technique. The retention times with high VIP values could have considerable impact on the values of VIs. According to the PLS coefficients this impact can be positive or negative. The PLS coefficients for the VIP-selected retention times are given in Table 2. The retention times with high positive regression coefficients positively affect the values of VIs. Nonetheless, the retention times with negative regression coefficients have negative impact on viscosity index of motor oils. Identification of chemical compounds which have great influence on VIs has been done with the aid of mass spectrometry analysis. A mixture of studied motor oils has been subjected to a HS-SPME analysis and then extracted compounds were injected to a GC-MS system. The annotated mass spectra for the VIP-selected retention times have been searched in NIST‐MS Search V2.0 software. The match factors, reverse match factor, rank number in the library, Kovats retention indices and prominent MS peaks were used for identifying the components. Table 2 shows the chemical constituents which have positive and negative impact on the values of viscosity indices. Compounds with absolute PLS coefficients values greater than 10−3 were suggested to have great impact on the values of VIs. According to the results given in Table 2, compounds of Nonane, Pentafluoropropionic acid, Phthalic acid, 2,6,10-triethyl-Octadecane, nonylphenol, and Tetracosane were found to have great positive impact on the value of VIs. Nonane commonly called kerosene is usually used as a solvent, distillation chaser, fuel additive, and a component in biodegradable detergents. Addition of this colorless liquid which is among the first components of the petroleum distillate fraction will enhance the VI of motor oils. Nonylphenol is also usually used in manufacturing antioxidants, lubricating oil additives, laundry and dish detergents, emulsifiers, and solubilizers. Tetracosane and 2,6,10-triethyl-Octadecane are also heavy alkanes which improve the VIs of motor oils. In addition to these compounds have positive effects, compounds of 1,4-dimethyl-Naphthalene, Benzenamine and 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate were identified to have negative effects on the value of VI of motor oils, in this work.