China
Africa
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Supply Chain and Logistics Systems Efficiency and Effectiveness
Published in John M. Longshore, Angela L. Cheatham, Managing Logistics Systems, 2022
John M. Longshore, Angela L. Cheatham
The World Customs Organization (WCO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. The WCO is noted for its work in areas covering the development of international conventions, instruments, and tools on topics such as commodity classification, valuation, rules of origin, collection of customs revenue, supply chain security, international trade facilitation, customs enforcement activities, combating counterfeiting in support of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), drugs’ enforcement, illegal weapons’ trading, integrity promotion, and delivering sustainable capacity building to assist with customs reforms and modernization. The WCO maintains the international Harmonized System (HS) goods’ nomenclature and administers the technical aspects of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements on Customs Valuation and Rules of Origin. The WCO is internationally acknowledged to be the global center of customs expertise and plays a leading role in the discussion, development, promotion, and implementation of modern customs systems and procedures. It is responsive to the needs of its members and its strategic environment. Its instruments and best-practice approaches are recognized as the basis for sound customs administration throughout the world. The WCO’s primary objective is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of member customs administrations, thereby assisting them to contribute successfully to national development goals, particularly revenue collection, national security, trade facilitation, community protection, and collection of trade statistics.
Modeling international facility location under uncertainty: A review, analysis, and insights
Published in IISE Transactions, 2018
Mouna Kchaou Boujelben, Youssef Boulaksil
Without loss of generality, we assumeTable 4, Table 5, Table 6 the following: discount rates are fixed at zero in all time periods (preliminary tests showed that any constant setting for discount rates would not impact the network structure), the selling price is fixed at $200 in all markets, capacity is assumed to be unlimited, the cash grant in each country is set to 20% of the fixed opening cost in the country (this reduces the fixed costs proportionally in all countries, since all countries in this regions are willing to offer some incentives to attract investments), and the penalty of not satisfying demand is set to 20% of the selling price (the penalty might correspond, for instance, to a financial compensation that the company must provide to its customers whenever it cannot satisfy their entire demand on time, and this might be a part of the contract between the supplier and the customer). The values of all country-specific parameters are summarized in Table A.4. Notice that we show the variable costs in $-equivalent in order to make the comparison between countries easier. Variable costs take into account labor costs and material costs (cable, package, and manual). Fixed costs are estimated using approximations of the space needed as well as the land and construction costs in each country. Tariff rates are estimated using the standard codes of the Harmonized System (HS) for printers and using data from the World Trade Organization. According to the World Trade Organization, the Harmonized System (HS) is an “international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six-digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis” (n.d.).