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Obesity
Published in Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson, Food and the Risk Society, 2016
Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson
Ghrelin, the only known appetite-stimulating hormone in humans, may be one factor involved in increased appetite, special food cravings and food intake during attempts to lose weight. Innovative strategies for suppressing ghrelin and maintaining a decreased appetite for weight loss would help people to keep a healthy weight. Recent research has highlighted relationships between ghrelin, stress and lifestyle factors. A review of the relationships between ghrelin, stress, exercise and sleep found that ghrelin levels were positively related to stress hormones, and that stress management interventions including exercise and sleep might help to reduce ghrelin and corresponding appetite (Adams et al. 2011).
Eating behaviours related to psychological stress are associated with functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea in exercising women
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Nicole C.A. Strock, Mary Jane De Souza, Nancy I. Williams
Much of the FHA literature in exercising women support a metabolic aetiology as the driving force for reproduction dysfunction. Prolonged energy deficiency prompts physiological adaptations, as the body redirects available metabolic fuels towards the physiological processes essential for survival, i.e., locomotion, cellular maintenance, and thermoregulation, while simultaneously suppressing growth and reproduction (Schneider & Wade, 1990, 1989; Wade et al., 1996). In an energy deficient state, suppressed hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid signalling can be indicated by reduced thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3) (MJ De Souza et al., 2008; Loucks et al., 1992), and the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 (Agnihothri et al., 2014), ultimately leading to a reduced metabolic rate (RMR) (Koehler et al., 2016; Myerson et al., 1991). Other indications of downstream physiologic disruption are reflected in altered LH pulsatility (Loucks & Thuma, 2003; Loucks et al., 1985), reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (Kaufman et al., 2002), and uncoupled bone turnover (MJ De Souza et al., 2008; Ihle & Loucks, 2004). Appetite-regulating hormones involved in energy homoeostasis are also altered with energy deficiency, as fasting concentrations of peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin remain elevated in exercising women with FHA (MJ De Souza et al., 2004; Scheid et al., 2009) and anorexic women (Misra et al., 2006). Importantly, evidence exists in both human (Williams et al., 2015) and animal studies (Williams, Caston-Balderrama et al., 2001; Williams, Helmreich et al., 2001), proving that energy deficiency is a causal factor in the induction of FHA.