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Drug-induced acute upper airway obstruction
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Michael Lippmann, Ganesan Murali
Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of Erythroxolon coca. Freebase cocaine is prepared by mixing cocaine with baking soda and boiling with water. Once cooled, a solvent such as ether or alcohol is added. The separated solvent is then evaporated while smoking, which may lead to mucosal injuries of the upper aerodigestive tract. In addition, inhalation of hot particulate debris from the smoking pipe and the wire mesh screen may contribute to the upper airway injury.
Characterization of the degradation of dipyrone (metamizole) in expired oral pharmaceutical products by Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA)
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2023
Luciana Lopes Guimarães, Leandra Paula Marques de Sousa Rosa Nita, Walber Toma, Marcos Tadeu Tavares Pacheco, Landulfo Silveira
The formation of the metabolite 4-methylaminoantipyrine due to the hydrolysis decreases the molecular size and induces changes in the vibrational energies of the phenyl and pyrazole rings as well as the double bonds (C = O and C = C). Thus, this metabolite may be responsible for the blue-shift in the Raman bands assigned to the aromatic ring (the peak at 1002 cm−1), pyrazole ring (the peak at 1025 and 1042 cm−1), and double bonds (the peak at 1600 cm−1). Band shifts were seen in a study of cocaine,[36] where the metabolite benzoylecgonine was identified by shifts and differences in the intensity of the peaks at 1605 cm−1 assigned to C = C stretching of the aromatic ring and at 1712 cm−1 due to C = O stretching. Cocaine hydrochloride was differentiated from cocaine freebase by shifts in bands in the infrared spectrum (FT-IR): 1710 and 1740 cm−1 for freebase, which shifted closer together at 1713 and 1732 cm−1 for hydrochloride. Also, the peaks associated with the sulfides/sulfonates (600–700 cm−1) decreased, suggesting that the sulfur underwent dissociation by hydrolysis, generating sodium sulfate/disulfate bands.