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Histomorphometry
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Jean E Aaron, Patricia A Shore
Cancellous atrophy may take place as a result of generalized trabecular thinning, as the total removal of individual trabeculae, or as a combination of the two. As well as influencing biomechanical properties the pattern of bone loss also determines therapeutic outcome since while thinned bars can be thickened, the replacement of lost bars is problematic [66, 72] (figure 6.2). For example, the atrophied spongiosa of osteoporotic women responds positively to fluoride therapy. Nevertheless, the restoration of the bone mass in these subjects does not prevent continuing fractures apparently because the thickening of the trabecular remnants, which provides increased resistance to compression forces, is not accompanied by an improved capacity to withstand bending forces, since the latter is dependent upon more regular trabecular interconnection and the restitution of cross struts [24]. There is the possibility that even the most successful treatment regimens will never be capable of reconnecting a disconnected trabecular system [73], as reviewed by Dempster [74]. However, recent observations [75, 76] suggest a possible avenue whereby this might be achieved through exactly the same sequence of events that ensures that bone trabeculation remains one of Nature’s constants (figure 6.3). That is accomplished by combining trabecular thickening with angiogenesis (figure 6.4).
Advanced materials and technologies for oral diseases
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Hao Cui, Yan You, Guo-Wang Cheng, Zhou Lan, Ke-Long Zou, Qiu-Ying Mai, Yan-Hua Han, Hao Chen, Yu-Yue Zhao, Guang-Tao Yu
Unlike Ca2+ and PO43− direct replenishment strategies for demineralized tissues, F− can displace OH- in HAP and produce fluorapatite that is more resistant to the acidic environment produced by bacteria, thus avoiding demineralization of dental tissues. In the past few decades, adding fluoride to drinking water or toothpaste has proven its effectiveness in preventing caries. But too much fluoride intake often leads to dental fluorosis or bone fluorosis. The recent development of nano-fluoride has effectively solved these problems. One of the materials based on nano-calcium fluoride (NCaF2) can be used as an unstable fluoride reservoir for more effective fluoride therapy. Meanwhile, as an agent for reducing dentin permeability, NCaF2 also achieves the ability to promote tooth remineralization [47]. Due to the size effect, nano-scale fluoride is more suitable for use in coating materials, especially silver fluoride-based materials, which can achieve the remineralization of antibacterial agents simultaneously.