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Biomimetic Approaches for the Design and Development of Multifunctional Bioresorbable Layered Scaffolds for Dental Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Campodoni Elisabetta, Dozio Samuele Maria, Mulazzi Manuela, Montanari Margherita, Montesi Monica, Panseri Silvia, Sprio Simone, Tampieri Anna, Sandri Monica
The tooth is a complex organ combining hard and soft tissues such as enamel, dentin, cementum and vascularized dental pulp; the latter is the central part of the tooth filled with soft connective tissue in close connection with dentin. It contains blood vessels and nerves that enter the tooth from a hole at the apex of the root and along the border between the dentin and the pulp are odontoblasts, which initiate the formation of dentin. Periodontium includes tissues surrounding and supporting the tooth such as cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and the alveolar bone (Fig. 8.2B) (Maeda et al. 2014). It is well known that stem cells, scaffolds and signal molecules are requisites for tissue engineering, especially, with regard to scaffolds, in addition to the chemistry of the material, it is important to mimic the ‘scale’ of these tissues. The periodontal ligament, in fact, has a thickness of about 20 µm, and the cementum of about 10 µm, each layer has a unique morphology and chemistry fundamental for its role and recognized by cells. A good mimesis of natural tissue reproducing the biophysical properties such as surface tomography, internal microstructure, scale and highly interconnected porous structure together with a good elasticity are key points to promote cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation (Lee et al. 2005; 2010; Dangaria et al. 2011).
Using ERGOCHECK for Pre-mapping Risk
Published in Daniela Colombini, Enrico Occhipinti, ERGOCHECK for a Preliminary Mapping of Risk at Work, 2020
Daniela Colombini, Enrico Occhipinti
The laboratory under examination mainly produces mobile dentures; attention is devoted to providing the dentist with orthodontic and gnathological support. Orthodontics is that branch of dentistry that studies abnormalities in the formation, development and position of the teeth contained in the maxillary bones. Its purpose is to prevent, eliminate or mitigate these abnormalities by maintaining or restoring the teeth and facial profile in the most correct position possible. Gnathology is the branch of dentistry that studies the physiology, pathologies and functions of the masticatory system (including swallowing, voice and postural disorders); therefore, it also studies the relationships between the upper and lower jaws, teeth, right and left temporomandibular joints, the muscles that move the jaws and the nervous system that controls those muscles, including the tongue.
Recombinant DNA Technology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
A bacterium having a simple genetic makeup was the first organism to be modified in the laboratory. Bacteria are now used for several purposes and are particularly important in producing large amounts of therapeutic proteins for treating various ailments and diseases, such as the genetically modified (GM) bacteria used to produce the protein insulin to treat diabetes. Similar bacteria have been used to produce clotting factors to treat hemophilia and human growth hormone to treat various forms of dwarfism. In addition to the use of GM bacteria to make therapeutic proteins, GM bacteria are also being used to treat dental disease. For example, tooth decay is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus mutans; these bacteria consume leftover sugars in the mouth, producing lactic acid that corrodes tooth enamel and ultimately causes cavities. Scientists have recently modified Streptococcus mutans so that they do not produce lactic acid. These transgenic bacteria, if properly colonized in a person’s mouth, could reduce the formation of cavities. In recent research, transgenic microbes have also been used to kill or hinder tumors. GM bacteria are also used in some soils to facilitate crop growth and to produce chemicals that are toxic to crop pests.
Study of mechanical properties of micromachined dental implants
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2019
Richard York, Marc Doumit, Michel Nganbe, Alexander Helal
There is a myriad of ways in which someone may experience an injury relating to the jaw or mouth. When injuries cause the loss of one or more teeth, it may become necessary to have them replaced. Dental implant is a common dental procedure to remedy this issue, which provides a replacement for the foundation of a tooth. An implant consists of an anchor set into the jawbone, an abutment to which the crown is affixed, an attachment screw to connect the abutment to the anchor, and a replacement tooth or crown. Most patients, who are in good health, are generally considered suitable candidates for dental implants. In the U.S., more than 15 million people currently have a crown or bridge replacements for missing teeth, at least 3 million of those with dental implants, and this number is expected to grow by approximately 500 000 people per year [1].
Dental Image Segmentation and Classification Using Inception Resnetv2
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
Figure 5 is the x-ray view of periodontal disease image. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by the destruction of chronic tissue and resulting in the formation of pathological packets around the diseased teeth such as the loss of connective tissue, alveoli bone loss and diseased teeth.
Comparison of clinical efficacy of three different dentin matrix biomaterials obtained from different devices
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Robert Dłucik, Bogusława Orzechowska-Wylęgała, Daniel Dłucik, Domenico Puzzolo, Giuseppe Santoro, Antonio Micali, Barbara Testagrossa, Giuseppe Acri
In implant dentistry and restorative surgery, bone augmentation procedures are routinely used nowadays to treat patients with bone defects. In addition to the broadly available bone substitute materials [1], autogenous bone graft can be successfully used, as it has a specific advantage over other bone substitutes owing to its osteogenic properties [2]. However, donor graft harvesting requires an additional procedure at the donor site, which, despite the low morbidity, is associated with an increased treatment time [3]. Therefore, in the last years, the use of ground natural teeth, until recently considered as a waste material, was evaluated. From 1993, Kim et al. started experimental studies using teeth as graft material [4]. The human teeth are composed of four tissues – enamel, dentin, cementum, and dental pulp. Due to the very similar chemical composition of dentin and bone, it seems to be a very promising augmentation material. Dentin in approximately 70% is composed of inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals, in about 20% of organic extracellular matrix, mainly collagen type I and in ~10% of water [5–7]. In addition, dentin contains bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) [8], which belong to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, which, as demonstrated for the first time by Urist [9], are able to stimulate osteogenesis. Many researchers have reported that demineralization of dentin is necessary for the release of osteoinductive growth factors trapped in dentinal tubules [10]. Several methods exist for preparation of the demineralized dentin matrix (DDM). Universally, after extraction, the patient’s tooth must be cleaned of all calculus residues, soft tissues, and any foreign material. Secondly, the tooth is crushed into small particles, grinded by a special mill, and soaked in demineralizing reagents. DDM provides a scaffold to support the bone regeneration process [5]. In 2009, the first transplant with autogenous tooth graft material (AutoBT, Korea Tooth Bank Co., Seoul, Korea) was performed with no reported complications [11]. In an experimental study in 2010, the demineralized dentin matrix was obtained with a hand-operated apparatus for crushing teeth and showed the induction of bone and cartilage [12]. In a clinical study on 190 patients treated with powder-type auto-tooth bone graft material, obtained with an unspecified technique, it was concluded that it induced good bone generation through its osteoinductive and osteoconductive capacity [13]. In 2014, the results of a study on a group of 15 patients were published, demonstrating excellent healing after augmentation with autogenous teeth [14]. Based on the successful demonstration of the positive role of dentin particulate in alveolar ridge preservation [4,11,14], the availability of specific devices, able to produce tooth-derived material in a safe and reproducible way, was felt.