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Esterases and Their Industrial Applications
Published in Pankaj Bhatt, Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes, 2023
Hamza Rafeeq, Asim Hussain, Ayesha Safdar, Sumaira Shabbir, Muhammad Bilal, Farooq Sher, Marcelo Franco, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
The development of fuel ethanol from sustainable lignocellulosic materials is another non-food use of feruloyl esterases. A. niger FaeA was also used to convert lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugar in conjunction with xylanases and laccases to produce bioethanol. The effectiveness of the enzyme therapy was assessed in the saccharification step by calculating sugar yield with the best results with a FaeA and xylanase combination (Tabka et al., 2006). Phenolics, such as ferulic, p-coumaric, caffeic, and sinapic acids are released from the wall of the plant through feruloyl esterases. These phenolic compounds in the kingdom of plants are commonly dispersed and are increasingly being looked upon in the fields of fruit, hygiene, cosmetics, and drug applications. Ferulic acid can serve various biological roles, including UV absorbing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory functions. It is one of beer’s main antioxidant components, although its production during storage is triggered by orange juice. The antioxidant function of phenolic acids is mostly attributed to their chemical composition and the inclusion of the aromatic ring of hydroxy classes. There is also an increase in antioxidant efficiency of two hydroxy groups on caffeic acid relative to one on ferulic acid (Benoit et al., 2008).
New Insights into Feruloyl Esterase
Published in Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh, Lata Nain, Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes, 2023
Ferulic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid. The first time, ferulic acid was obtained from the plant Ferula fetida Reg. Ferulic acid and other phenolic derivatives are present in the plant cell wall, which are mainly used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Ferulic acid is known to have antioxidant activity (Cheng et al., 2007) (de Oliveira Silva and Batista, 2017). It has the capability to neutralize free radicals. Food industries add ferulic acid into food products to enhance the quality of foods. Ferulic acid is a carrier of vitamins C and E, which protect the skin from UV radiation (Antonopoulou, 2017). Ferulic acid also acts as an antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antithrombosis agent (Zduńska et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2019). Commercially, FA produced from rice oil is known as a γ-oryzanol.
Microbial Bioconversion of Agro-Waste Biomass into Useful Phenolic Compounds
Published in Prakash K. Sarangi, Latika Bhatia, Biotechnology for Waste Biomass Utilization, 2023
Bhabjit Pattnaik, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Padan Kumar Jena, Hara Prasad Sahoo
Ferulic acid is the most abundant organic acid (hydroxyl cinnamic acid) consequential from phytochemical phenolic compounds. The acid is mainly found in plants belonging to the family Poaceae. Ferulic acid is quite popular following its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (Graf, 1992). Consequently, it exhibits enormous prospects in industrial and medicinal fields. In addition, it also displays numerous therapeutic effects against several ailments like diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (Srinivasan et al., 2007).
Synthesis and properties of hydrogel particles based on chitosan-ferulic acid conjugates
Published in Soft Materials, 2021
Aliaksandr Kraskouski, Viktoryia Nikalaichuk, Viktoryia Kulikouskaya, Kseniya Hileuskaya, Joanna Kalatskaja, Helen Nedved, Nikolai Laman, Vladimir Agabekov
Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites of plants and play important roles in growth control, reproduction and resistance to pathogens .[11] Ferulic acid is a natural bioavailable hydroxycinnamic acid possessing antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and other types of activities .[12] In plants, ferulic acid belongs to the phenolic protectors of phytohormones that prevent the destruction or immobilization of regulatory compounds. Authors[13] have shown that ferulic acid increased growth and photosynthetic pigments of faba bean plant as well as seed yield. It has been determined by Singh and coworkers [14] that ferulic acid inhibited growth and development of roots in mung bean. It should be noted that nowadays the immobilized forms of plant growth regulators, which are responsible not only for growth regulation, but also for increasing the protective properties of plants, are of great interest. One of the perspective approaches to obtain materials with enhanced biological activity based on plant growth regulators is preparation theirs conjugates with biopolymers, for instance, chitosan .[15]
Biotransformation of corn bran derived ferulic acid to vanillic acid using engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Priya Upadhyay, Nitesh K. Singh, Rasika Tupe, Annamma Odenath, Arvind Lali
Ferulic acid occurs naturally in the outer coverings of fruits, vegetables, grains, and beans while also present in lesser quantities in leaves, seeds, wood, grasses and flowers.[1,2] Ferulic acid, a component of any agricultural lignocellulosic biomass (crop residues and grain brans) occurs in wide variation between 0.3 and 3000 mg/100 g biomass conjugated to biomolecules like lignin, polysaccharides, long chain fatty acids and flavonoids via ether, ester or amide linkages.[1–3] The most abundant occurrence (500–3000 mg/100 g) is noted in cereal brans (maize/corn; rice), maize/corn kernels and sugar beet pulp.[2] According to a 2004 report, 150 million ton of cereal brans and 20 million tons of sugar beet pulp are produced globally by cereal and sugar refinery industries.[4] The by-products generated from these industries are partly used as animal feed while bulk of it remains unutilized.[4] Ferulic acid extraction can be facilitated by cleavage of these linkages, mediated either by chemical treatment (acidic/alkaline hydrolysis) or by enzymatic hydrolysis e.g., using ferulic acid esterase.[5,6] The extracted ferulic acid from these wastes can be valorized by diverting it to production of value added products such as vanillin, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechol, guaiacol, styrene and related polymers using combinations of microbial and chemical transformations.[2] While chemical conversions would require high degree purified ferulic acid, microbial conversions may also be often inhibited by the co-products of extraction if not purified sufficiently.
Potential bio-functional properties of Citrus aurantium L. leaf: chemical composition, antiviral activity on herpes simplex virus type-1, antiproliferative effects on human lung and colon cancer cells and oxidative protection
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Houda Mejri, Wissem Aidi Wannes, Faouzia Haddada Mahjoub, Majdi Hammami, Catherine Dussault, Jean Legault, Moufida Saidani-Tounsi
Studying the antioxidant activities of bigarade leaf extracts, the results showed that YLE exhibited the highest TAC as well as the highest potential to neutralize DPPH and ABTS radicals. However, the highest iron chelating and reducing power activities were observed in OLE. Zawawi et al. (2011) mentioned that the biological activity of leaf sometimes can be differed based on its development stage. In comparison with our findings, the DPPH activity of C. aurantium leaf extracts higher than that of the methanol and aqueous extracts of C. aurantium leaves (IC50 = 68.44 μg/mL and 72.44 µg/mL, respectively) reported by Khettal et al. (2017). Moreover, Alghabra et al. (2021) indicated a significant antiradical effect of bigarade leaves with IC50 = 22.5 µg/mL in aqueous extract. Boukhennoufa et al. (2020) showed that the aqueous extracts of leaves had an IC50 = 9.77 mg/mL. On the other hand, Alghabra et al. (2021) examined the ABTS activity of ethanol extracts of Citrus leaves from Syrian. Comparing the previous results with those reported in our study, the value obtained from bigarade leaves collected in Tunisia was higher than the reported for ethanol extracts of bigarade leaves (IC50 = 24.5 mg/mL). Our results were corroborated with the finding of Lagha-Benamrouche and Madani (2013) for reducing power activity. They reported greater reducing capacity in the methanol extracts of the C. aurantium leaves compared to the some varieties of Citrus leaves. It is the first time that our results also showed the potent TAC, iron chelating and reducing power activities of bigarade leaf extracts. In the literature, many previous studies have reported that the antioxidative effectiveness of the natural sources may be mostly due to their phenolic contents (Chanwitheesuk et al. 2005; Ozsoy et al. 2008). Thereby, in our study, the presence of high amounts of individual antioxidant components identified in all leaf extracts, especially ferulic acid, naringin and naringenin, may be the major reason to their strong antioxidant activities. In fact, ferulic acid is a strong membrane antioxidant, due to the presence of the hydroxyl and phenoxy group in its structure which confers the ability to quench the free radical molecules by electron donation and protecting cell from oxidative insult. Indeed, in some countries, ferulic acid is widely used as additives to prevent the lipid peroxidation of food (Srinivasan et al. 2007). Also, it has been documented that naringin and naringenin exhibited antioxidant effect in response to reactive oxygen species by donating hydrogen from its phenolic hydroxyl group (Renugadevi and Prabu 2009).