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The Emerging Role of Exosome Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Zahra Sadat Hashemi, Mahlegha Ghavami, Saeed Khalili, Seyed Morteza Naghib
Exosomes are nanosized EVs (50–150 nm) originating from multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Various cells could release them into the extracellular environment through membrane fusion. These lipid bilayer nanovesicles are loaded with different cargos such as miRNA, DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins. Exosomes are involved in different biological pathways such as intercellular communications, signal transferring, antigen presentation, and tumour progression. Their uptake occurs through endocytosis, direct fusion, or receptor–ligand interaction. Exosomes could be isolated and characterised by various methods such as Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, Dynamic Light Scattering, Electron Microscopy, and Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (according to their size, density, surface charge, distinctive biomarkers, and membrane antigens).
Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery
Published in Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Majid Kamli, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Hesham F. Alharby, Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in the Biological Sciences, 2022
Muzafar Ahmad Rather, Showkeen Muzamil Bashir, Showkat Ul Nabi, Salahi Uddin Ahmad, Jiyu Zhang, Minakshi Prasad
Exosomes are tiny extracellular cell-derived phospholipid nanoparticles that transfer cargo (information) between the cells and thus function as signalo-somes, transporting small amounts of bioactive molecules to specific recipient tissues (Syn et al., 2017). Due to their endogenous nature, they have been used as novel and most promising next-generation nanovesicles for targeted drug/gene/protein/microRNA delivery as well as for disease diagnosis. Exosomes are in the size range of 40–200 nm. Exosomes vesicles are derived from the healthy cells of patients and thus exhibit a unique property of cell tropism (interact with the specific cell types with exceptional ability by displaying receptors in the membranes) toward the originated cells. Exosomes are next-generation drug-delivery system with high drug-carrying capacity (Lv et al., 2015). Exosomes are ideal for designing nonimmunogenic and personalized therapeutic approaches owing to their biological origin and their ability to cross the biological membranes.
Nanotechnology-Mediated Strategy for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
Published in Cherry Bhargava, Amit Sachdeva, Nanotechnology, 2020
Pankaj Prashar, Ankita Sood, Anamika Gautam, Pardeep Kumar Sharma, Bimlesh Kumar, Indu Melkani, Sakshi Panchal, Sachin Kumar Singh, Monica Gulati, Narendra Kumar Pandey, Linu Dash, Anupriya, Varimadugu Bhanukirankumar Reddy
Intercellular transfers through vesicles of macromolecules, known as exosomes, have become increasingly important as an innovative way of intercellular crosstalk. One type of NP may also be called exosomes. In terms of their growth, the exosomes are formed by the internal growing of endosomes into multi-vesicular structures that merge into the surrounding region with the plasma membranes (Shiue et al. 2019). Depending on the cell forms, they include a number of elements, including proteins, mRNA, and miRNA. Such components are transmitted through exosomes, may be considered a “cargo” and are either distributed to cells around them or rendered to function in distant cells. It is thus reasonable why various anomalies will arise in the receiver cells, including the reprogrammed DNA, based on the cargo material. Not only does the cargo affect receptor cells, it also includes proteins that serve as distributors on the surface membrane of the exosomes. Therefore, exosomes are known as modern intercellular connectivity between cell-based elements, albeit without the anticipated direct interaction from cell to cell. After recognizing the functioning of exosomes, the capacity of these NPs for treatment and other therapy can be believed (Jean-Toussaint et al. 2020; X. Yu et al. 2020).
Latest advances in extracellular vesicles: from bench to bedside
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Tomofumi Yamamoto, Nobuyoshi Kosaka, Takahiro Ochiya
It has been shown that almost all of the cells release various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs vary in size, properties, and secretion pathway depending on the originated cells, and the EVs are indeed taken up by recipient cells via a variety of mechanisms (Figure 1) [1,2]. Exosomes are small EVs (sEVs), their diameter is approximately 100 nm. Exosomes are initially formed by a process of inward budding in early endosomes to form multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and released into the extracellular microenvironment to transfer their components [3,4]. Microvesicles (MVs) are larger than exosomes, approximately 100–1000 nm, and are composed of lipid components of plasma membrane [5]. MVs are synthesized in directly shedding or budding from plasma membranes. Apoptotic bodies have various sizes (1–5 μm), and only when cells are killed by the process of programmed cell death, resulting in secretion of apoptotic bodies. These various types of EVs have similar characteristics, such as size and density. Thus, more detailed classification is required for EV research. Although the role of EVs was initially supposed to be cellular waste management, such as, throwing unwanted proteins and biomolecules [6], in 2007, Valadi et al. have shown that EVs have contained mRNA in their lumen as well as microRNAs (miRNAs), which is considered a novel cell to cell communication tools [7]. In a few years from that year, several groups demonstrated that EVs transferred their functional miRNAs to recipient cells [8–11].
Extracellular vesicles released in response to respiratory exposures: implications for chronic disease
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Birke J. Benedikter, Emiel F. M. Wouters, Paul H. M. Savelkoul, Gernot G. U. Rohde, Frank R. M. Stassen
Importantly, EV are not a homogenous population (Kowal et al. 2016). While EV nomenclature is still controversial (Gould and Raposo 2013), it is generally recognized that there are three major EV subtypes. The first subtype, exosomes, is formed by inward budding of the endosomal membrane to form intraluminal vesicles, and subsequently released to the extracellular space by fusion of multivesicular endosomes (MVE) with the plasma membrane (Abels and Breakefield 2016). The second subtype, commonly referred to as microvesicles (or microparticles or ectosomes), arises by outward budding of the plasma membrane (Abels and Breakefield 2016). The third EV type is apoptotic bodies, large membrane vesicles that are formed by apoptotic membrane blebbing and that contain DNA fragments and cellular organelles (Thery, Ostrowski, and Segura 2009). This review focuses on the first two EV subtypes, exosomes and microvesicles, whose key properties are summarized in Table 1. Apoptotic bodies are not considered because these are formed only during apoptotic cell fragmentation.
Understanding the complex microenvironment in oral cancer: the contribution of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago over the last 100 years
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Alison Mary Rich, Haizal Mohd Hussaini, Benedict Seo, Rosnah Bt Zain
Our most recent studies relate to exosomes, extracellular microvesicles that are released by a range of cells into the extracellular environment. They are present in numerous bodily fluids including blood and saliva. Exosomes were thought to carry waste or unwanted lipids and proteins from the cells but it was found that they also contain DNA and RNA which could be translated into proteins in target cells, potentially reprogramming them (Valadi et al. 2007). Tumour cells have been shown to produce and secrete exosomes in greater numbers than normal cells and it is now clear that exosomes have important roles in cancer, including promoting or suppressing immune activities around malignant cells and exchange of information between tumour cells and their microenvironment (Wendler et al. 2013; Ruivo et al. 2017). They have been shown to be important in many of the major steps in carcinogenesis particularly in assisting tumour cells escape from immune surveillance, tumour-promoting effects in the TME and promoting the establishment of metastases, including contributing towards establishing PMN (Meehan and Vella 2016; Ruivo et al. 2017; Guo et al. 2019). We have been able to extract exosomes from OSCC cells grown in culture using ultracentrifugation and an exosome isolation kit (Exoquick TC plus) and characterise them using a Zetasizer Nano® (Aziz 2019, unpublished data) (Figure 8). Using archival blood and saliva samples from the OCRCC we are now undertaking quantitative mRNA and protein analyses of oral cancer-related genes and proteins within exosomes isolated from plasma and saliva samples of healthy individuals and patients with OSCC. This part of the study will provide further information regarding the potential use of exosomes in the liquid diagnosis of OSCC.