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Application of Molecular Imprinting for Development of Plasmonic Bio- and Chemosensors
Published in Volodymyr I. Chegel, Andrii M. Lopatynskyi, Molecular Plasmonics, 2020
Volodymyr I. Chegel, Andrii M. Lopatynskyi
This chapter presents the results of specific studies related to the development of SPR bio- and chemosensors based on the exploitation of molecular imprinting with two different approaches for SPR signal enhancement. The first study applies imprinted polymers that undergo a swelling process upon binding of the substrates, resulting in a substantial change in the refractive index of the polymer-sensing interface. This enables the improved application of SPR spectroscopy to follow the association of substrates to the imprinted polymers. As a result, the possibility to detect nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactors NAD(P)+ and NAD(P)H using the imprinted polymer films by means of SPR spectroscopy was demonstrated. Additionally, these functionalized membranes have been used to analyze biocatalytic transformations involving NAD+-dependent enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The second study is based on the application of molecularly imprinted composite polymer-Au NP matrix for the detection of ultralow concentrations of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerin (NG), and ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) explosives.
Emerging Trends in Bioremediation of Explosive Industry Wastewater
Published in Y.V. Nancharaiah, Vayalam P. Venugopalan, Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation and Wastewater Treatment, 2019
S. Mary Celin, Anchita Kalsi, Pallavi Bhanot, Ila Chauhan, Pritam Sangwan
By definition, explosives are solid or liquid substances, alone or mixed with one another, are in a metastablestate and are capable of undergoing a rapid chemical reaction without the participation of external reactants such as atmospheric oxygen (Meyer 1987). Nitro aromatic explosives consist of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in various degrees of purity and 2,4- and 2,6-isomers of dinitrotoluene (DNT). TNT has wide applications in shells, bombs, grenades, demolition explosives and propellant compositions. DNT is mainly used in the production of polyurethane foams and polymers in the manufacture of explosives and as a modifier of smoke less powders. Aromatic nitramines viz., Tetryl Aliphaticnitramines viz., Hexahydro 1,3,5-triniro 1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclo octane (HMX) are used extensively as a booster charge in many munition formulations, especially in artillery shells or as a component in solid fuel rocket propellants. Nitrocellulose, Nitroglycerine (NG, glycerol trinitrate), Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) are the main nitric acid esters used as detonating agents, an important component in dynamites and multibase propellants (Urbanski 1990).
Basic Chemical Principles
Published in John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella, Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, 2019
John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella
A logical question to ask at this point is: Are there any energetic compounds that are actually internally stoichiometric going to CO2 as the carbon product or have a net valence of 0? What about ethylene glycol dinitrate, or EGDN—a material used in many dynamites for low temperature applications? EGDN has a molecular formula of C2H4N2O6. Its Pyro Valence will be:2(+4)+4(+1)+2(0)+6(−2)=0−astoichiometricexplosivegoingtoCO2!
Synergistic effect of bacterial consortium on the biodegradation of nitroglycerin in aqueous medium through laboratory-scale bioreactor process
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2019
G. Vanitha, S. Rajakumar, P. M. Ayyasamy
Explosive compounds may enter into the environment during their production, disposal, storage or usage resulting in contamination of surface water and groundwater. NG transport increases when organic matter and clay content decreases (Clausen, Scott, and Osgerby 2011). The rate of transport and transformation are governed by the physico-chemical properties of the explosive compounds, environmental factors and biological factors including the presence and absence of explosives degrading microorganisms. Wastewater from the explosive industries contains more amount of NG. It also has partial nitrated by-products like glycerol dinitrate (GDN) and glycerol mononitrate (GMN). NG causes several health hazards, especially in the environment and human beings. Infrequent exposure to high dose of NG leads to severe headaches, decrease systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures due to vascular dilation. Chronic exposure of NG has been associated with an increased incidence of sudden death (Occupational safety and health guidelines for NG and ethylene glycol dinitrate, 1988).