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Turfgrass Physiology and Environmental Stresses
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Ethylene also is known to inhibit root growth, inhibit lateral bud development, inhibit cell elongation, increase membrane permeability, and cause epinasty (downward curvature of leaves). Ethylene, however, enhances a cellular increase in width. The results are shorter but broader stems and petioles. Ethylene production by plants is high wherever auxin concentration is high. Therefore, shoots produce ethylene, whereas roots produce little. Ethylene gas is produced when the sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine, is degraded and is very mobile in plants by diffusion. Ethephon (e.g., Proxy) is a commercial plant growth regulator that causes ethylene production in plants. Its main use is to suppress Poa annua seedheads.
The aluminum tolerance and detoxification mechanisms in plants; recent advances and prospects
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Lei Yan, Muhammad Riaz, Jiayou Liu, Min Yu, Jiang Cuncang
In terms of other hormones, Hou et al. (2010) observed that abscisic acid, an endogenous hormone, provided Al tolerance in soybean and improved growth. Aluminum stress can enhance the activity of H+-ATPase by increasing the contents of endogenous abscisic acid in barley (Kasai et al., 1993). The increase of the abscisic acid level in the plant can activate ATP and PPi dependent proton pump on the vacuole membrane and improve the mechanism of Al tolerance (Matsumoto et al., 1996). Moreover, Al-induces a large number of cytokinins in plants, which can directly or indirectly affect the balance of other hormones. Exposure to Al stresses, can enhance ethylene production in plants because of the high-level expression of ethylene-related biosynthetic genes or ethylene-responsive genes (Thao et al., 2015). Ethylene can inhibit the degradation of DELLA protein and improve the ability of plants to resist Al toxicity. However, exogenous ethephon (Ethylene donor) and ACC (1-aminocyclopane-1-carboxylic acid) significantly inhibit the root elongation of Phaseolus radiates (Yang, 2009). Moreover, ethylene insensitive mutation improved the tolerance of Arabidopsis plants to Al stress, but it had no strong correlation with malate secretion in A. thaliana (Chen et al., 2013). The specific effects of ethylene on Al tolerance of plants remain to be verified.