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Pesticides and fertilisers contamination of groundwater
Published in Manish Kumar, Sanjeeb Mohapatra, Kishor Acharya, Contaminants of Emerging Concerns and Reigning Removal Technologies, 2022
Manish Yadav, Nitin Kumar Singh, Neeraj Kumar Singh, Tushali Jagwani, Suman Yadav
Some pesticides show harmful effects on health with single exposure for short duration and termed as acute effects. The dose/concentration required to kill 50% of the test population is termed as acute toxicity. This is denoted as LC50 (lethal concentration 50) or LD50 (lethal dose 50). Acute health problems like abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, as well as skin and eye problems are mostly seen in people that handle pesticides (Henriques et al., 1997). For example, Aldrin and dieldrin at concentration of 0.03 µg/L in water can cause acute health effects like headache, dizziness and uncontrolled muscle movement. Further, long-term exposure of high concentration can lead to chronic condition like kidney damage. Endosulfan at concentration of 0.4 µg/L shows acute toxicity, and it has also bioaccumulation potential. Long-term exposure can lead to endocrine disruption (Taiwo, 2019).
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Endosulfan is a pesticide. It is a cream- to brown-colored solid that may appear in the form of crystals or flakes. It has a smell like turpentine, but does not burn. It does not occur naturally in the environment. Endosulfan is used to control insects on food and non-food crops and also as a wood preservative. Endosulfan is used for the control of ticks and mites, and the control of rice stem borers. It is an RUP, meaning it can only be used by professional applicators. Endosulfan, commonly known by its trade name Thiodan, is an insecticide and was first introduced in the 1950s. Endosulfan enters the air, water, and soil during its manufacture and use. It is often sprayed onto crops and the spray may travel long distances before it lands on crops, soil, or water. On crops, endosulfan usually breaks down in a few weeks, but it sticks to soil particles and may take years to completely break down. Endosulfan does not dissolve easily in water. In surface water, endosulfan attaches to soil particles floating in water or attaches to soil at the bottom. It can build up in the bodies of animals that live in endosul-fan-contaminated water. It is also extremely toxic to fish and other aquatic life. Exposures to endosulfan occur among workers and people working in industries involved in making endosulfan or as pesticide applicators and by skin contact with soil containing endosulfan.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The human effects are largely unknown but tests on laboratory animals have shown that endosulfan is toxic to the NS and can damage the kidney, liver, and male reproductive organs.
Occurrence and potential harms of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in environment and their removal by periphyton
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Cilai Tang, Zhihao Chen, Yingping Huang, Inna P. Solyanikova, S. Venkata Mohan, Hongfeng Chen, Yonghong Wu
As the popular persistent organic pollutants, OCPs pose significant harm to ecosystem and human health due to their high toxicity and easy bioaccumulation. Potential ecotoxicological exposure of mammals, birds, earthworms, fish, and honeybees increased with increasing OCPs types and concentrations (Zaller et al., 2022). Similarly, human toxicity potential of OCPs was high, with averaged 54% being acutely toxic, 39% reproduction toxic, 24% cancerogenic, and 10% endocrine disrupting. The enrichment factor of OCPs in organisms depends on the physicochemical properties of OCPs and the biota species. For example, the maximum levels of endosulfan accumulation in biota are as follows: aquatic species (fish) < terrestrial organism (butterfly) < human (cancer cases) < birds (chicken) < plant (potato root) (Sathishkumar et al., 2021). The continuous exposure to endosulfan showed significant genotoxic effects on the living organisms. A large number of wild Nile crocodile deaths were recently reported in the Kruger National Park Nature Reserve in South Africa (Gerber et al., 2021). And large amounts of DDT and other OCPs were detected in the muscle tissue of the dead Nile crocodiles. The risk of OCPs in the seawater and sediment of Jincheng Bay mariculture area to marine benthos was high and potentially detrimental to the safety of aquatic products, such as sea cucumber and benthic shellfish (Hu et al., 2015).
Study on the characterization of endosulfan-degrading bacterial strains isolated from contaminated rhizospheric soil
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2022
Vandana Singh, Shubhi Srivastava, Namrata Singh, Suchi Srivastava, Alok Lehri, Nandita Singh
In the 5th meeting of the Conference of Parties of the Stockholm Convention in Geneva on 29 April 2011, recommendations were approved for the elimination of production and use of endosulfan and its isomers worldwide, subject to certain exemptions.1 Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) that are still frequently used for controlling different insect pests of field crops, such as fruits, vegetables, cotton, cereals, and cashew. The current production of endosulfan in India is estimated to range between 18,000 and 20,000 tonnes per year, and accounts for 50%–60% of global production.2–4 India is regarded as being the world’s largest producer (9,900 tonnes per year) and exporter (4,104 tonnes per year) to 31 countries (Government of India), followed by Germany (approximately 4,000 tonnes per year1), China (2,400 tonnes), Israel, Brazil, and South Korea.5,6
Bioaugmentation of endosulfan contaminated soil in artificial bed treatment using selected fungal species
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2019
Jyoti Bisht, N. S. K. Harsh, L. M. S. Palni, Vasudha Agnihotri, Anuj Kumar
Endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexa chloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexa hydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzo-di oxathiepin-3-oxide) is an organochlorine compound. It is synthetic cyclodiene non-systemic and broad-spectrum insecticide. Endosulfan is particularly neurotoxic to both insects and mammals, including humans. It was classified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) as category: “highly toxic,” based on an LD50 of 30mg kg−1 for rats (US EPA 2002). Endosulfan can easily be absorbed through skin, stomach, lungs and can pose hazards to different body parts. Exposure may result from drinking contaminated water, consuming contaminated food, breathing contaminated air, and even touching contaminated soil (ATSDR 2013). Long-term exposure is linked to immunosuppression, neurological disorders, congenital birth defects, chromosomal abnormalities, mental retardation, impaired learning, and memory loss (Silva 2007). Due to various concerns associated with the hazardous pesticides, there is an urgent need to develop safe, convenient, and environment friendly methods for pesticide detoxification.