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Nanomaterials in Chemotherapy
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
P. K. Hashim, Anjaneyulu Dirisala
Development of any therapeutic drug consists of multiple stages such as laboratory experiments in cells/tissues, pre-clinical studies in small animals, and clinical studies in humans. In 1995, a PEGylated liposome-based DOX, Doxil® (or Caelyx®), received clinical approval in the US by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer and HIV/AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Doxil® is the first nano-sized liposome approved for clinical use [86]. Later, DaunoXome®, liposomal daunorubicin, was first marketed in the United Kingdom in 1995 and later approved by the FDA in 1996. Since their inception, more than 45 nanodrug formulations were approved for clinical use by various agencies for different types of cancers (Table 8.1) [208–211] and more than 265 nanoformulations are under clinical investigation for the treatment of various types of cancer [212–214]. Approval of Hensify®/NBTXR3, a selective radio-enhancer for high energy deposition in the tumor only when exposed to ionizing radiations (on/off activity), is a revolutionary approach for the local treatment of solid tumors. Approval of Vyxeos®/CPX-351, a unique dual drug liposomal co-formulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin engineered to ratiometrically deliver the drugs at a synergistic ratio, is a breakthrough concept paves the way for a futuristic combination regimen as standard clinical care for many cancers.
Nanobiotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
In recent times, drug delivery has become an important field to improve the effectiveness of drug therapy, and efforts have been made to improve the drug delivery system to avoid pain and to enhance target-specific delivery with minimum side effects. We will first find out what kinds of drug delivery methods are available. Drug delivery is the method or process of administering a drug to achieve a therapeutic effect in humans. The most common methods of drug delivery include the preferred noninvasive peroral (through the mouth), topical (skin), transmucosal (nasal, buccal/sublingual, vaginal, ocular, and rectal) and inhalation routes. Many medications, such as peptides and proteins, antibodies, vaccines, and gene-based drugs in general, may not be delivered using these routes, because they might be susceptible to enzymatic degradation or cannot be absorbed into the systemic circulation efficiently enough to be therapeutically effective because of molecular size and charge issues; for this reason, many proteins and peptide drugs must be delivered by injection. For example, many immunizations are based on the delivery of protein drugs and are often administered by injection.
Nanosensors for Food Contaminant Detection
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Parthasarathi, Food Nanotechnology, 2019
Heera Jayan, L. Bhavani Devi, C. Anandharamakrishnan
“Drug” is defined as any substance or combination of substances used for treating or preventing diseases. Such drugs improve the health, condition, and productivity of animals, which ensures food and environmental safety. It appears not to be a problem after oral administration, the route where consumers will be exposed to residues of the drug. But these residues are pharmacologically active, which remains in food derived from animals, and is considered to be toxic if it exceeds the maximum residual limit (MRL) as prescribed by Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2377/90, 1990. Care should be taken to keep residues within the MRL through the use of licensed animal medicines so as to avoid any food contamination. Therefore, testing methods and regulatory bodies are essential in order to check whether residues are within the specified limit in foods. Though traditional methods can detect the presence of residues, their quantification can be accurately measured using nanosensors by overcoming the drawback of traditional techniques like HPLC, GC–MS, etc.
Assessing the performance of Al- and Ga-doped BNNTs for sensing and delivering Cytarabine and Gemcitabine anticancer drugs: a M06-2X study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Hossein Roohi, Mino Rouhi, Ahmad Facehi
Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, manufacturing techniques, storage systems, and technologies involved in transporting a pharmaceutical compound to its target site to achieve a desired therapeutic effect. The pharmaceutical industry has faced a major challenge in recent decades, which is the development of innovative drug delivery techniques. This area has received a lot of attention, as it is crucial for improving drug efficacy and reducing side effects. [1–3]. To enhance drug efficacy, reduce overall drug dosages, protect drugs from the biological environment, extend the drug lifetime in the bloodstream, and increase drug solubility, the use of free nano-materials (NMs) as the carriers of therapeutic molecules has been extensively explored [4–10]. The primary objective of using nanocarriers in drug delivery, similar to other drug delivery systems, is to efficiently treat a disease while minimizing side effects. Therefore, effective drug delivery utilizing nanocarriers requires two critical requirements: slow and sustained drug release, as well as targeted delivery to a specific site [11–13].
Combined microfluidics and drying processes for the continuous production of micro-/nanoparticles for drug delivery: a review
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Ankit Patil, Pritam Patil, Sagar Pardeshi, Preena Shrimal, Norma Rebello, Popat B. Mohite, Aniruddha Chatterjee, Arun Mujumdar, Jitendra Naik
Drug delivery refers to the method or process used to deliver a drug to suitable sites effectively to achieve the benefits of the drug. By selecting a proper delivery method, one can often alter the degree of effectiveness of some medicines. Suitable changes could bring about pharmaceutical applications by altering the physical properties of the therapeutics.[1] Targeted drug delivery is used for delivering increased drug concentration at a particular site, which improves the efficiency of the drug at the targeted site while reducing its side effects at the non-target site. Targeting drugs is usually attained by utilizing a carrier. So, targeting drugs through a carrier system has been a significant point of research in therapeutics.[2,3] In the last few decades, many new drug delivery technologies have emerged, among which the preparation of drug particles in nanosized is more effective. Nanosized drug particles help to overcome many hurdles like low solubility and bioavailability and can provide site-specific release using a smart carriers.[4]
Mathematical modelling of drug-diffusion from multi-layered capsules/tablets and other drug delivery devices
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Drugs are chemical or biological compounds that affect the human body and its functioning. The drug delivery to the biological tissues through diffusion and absorption occurs when it enters the circulatory system. The level of absorption can affect the speed and amount of the drug and its side of action. This is called bioavailability. If a tablet/capsule or some other drug delivery device (DDD) releases the drug quickly, blood levels may become too high whereas slow release may result in low levels of absorption. Addition of factors affecting bioavailability and absorption of the drugs, include properties of the drug and the physiology of the person, such as pH levels in the stomach and its speed of emptying. Therefore, specific formulations are used to release the drug at a desired speed. Common formulations include capsules, tablets, transdermal patches, solutions and other DDDs (Borchardt et al. 1996). To this end, mathematical modeling of diffusional and release processes provides detailed insights to simulate the biological systems and biomedical phenomena with the aid of computational power (Sidig 2015). To depict the desired release of the drug (from a capsule/tablet or other DDDs), to the targeted biological tissue, mathematical models in drug delivery have played a vital role to design and shape the drug delivery systems (Peppas and Narasimhan 2014).