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Alkylated Aromatics
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Shuji Luo, Suzzy C. Ho, Margaret M. Wu
Alkylated aromatics lubes made from Friedel–Crafts alkylation reactions usually have very complex chemical compositions with many possible isomers. This complexity can be illustrated by the possible isomeric structures for a C30H54 alkylbenzene made from benzene and 1-dodecene. There are two different schemes to produce this alkylbenzene. In the first reaction sequence, benzene is alkylated with 1-dodecene to form mono-alkylbenzene, which further reacts with the second olefin to give di-dodecylbenzene (Equation 8.1). In this alkylbenzene molecule, the aromatic ring may connect to the two alkyl chains at any one of the six possible positions, creating a total of 21 possible isomers. Furthermore, the relative positions of the two alkyl substituents may be ortho-, meta-, or para- on the benzene ring. With these arrangements, 63 isomers are possible. Even discounting the unfavorable isomers, such as ortho-dialkylbenzene or 1-phenylalkane, one can easily count more than 30 possible isomers for this dialkylbenzene.
Overbased Lubricant Detergents-A Comparative Study of Conventional Technology and a New Class of Product
Published in Wilfried J. Bartz, Engine Oils and Automotive Lubrication, 2019
S.P. OÓConnor, J. Crawford, C. Cane
However, the increased use of hydrogenation for the production of white oils has led to a reduction in the availability of the mahogany sulphonic acids. Alternative sulphonation feedstocks have been developed and these include: polydodecy I benzenes – obtained as “bottoms”form the alkylation of benzene to give dodecylbenzene, an intermediate in the production of household detergents.synthetic alkylbenzenes specifically produced for use in the lubricant additive application (see Fig. 3.4.6).
A study on the reaction mechanism of microwave pyrolysis of oily sludge by products analysis and ReaxFF MD simulation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Yanjun Wen, Wenxuan Li, Yingshen Xie, Zhiwen Qin, Meixia Gu, Tianli Wang, Yingfei Hou
From the GC×GC-MS analysis shown in Supplementary Table S1, it can be found that there are about 285 kinds of compounds in the liquid products at 300–350℃. The distribution of liquid products is similar to the oil extracted from the OS analyzed in Table 2. The liquid products in this temperature segment are mainly derived from oil volatilization in OS. Low boiling point compounds below C10 disappear in liquid products between 350 and 400℃ and reappear in liquid products between 400 and 450℃. At this stage, the content of hydrocarbon compounds in gas products increased significantly, indicating that an obvious pyrolysis reaction occurred between 400℃ and 450℃. The new substances are mainly compounds below C10, including n-heptane, 1-octene, 3-methyl cyclopentene, propyl cyclohexane and benzene, toluene, xylene, and other light aromatic hydrocarbons. It is speculated that the possible reactions at this stage include the C–C bond cleavage reaction of straight-chain alkanes or olefin compounds, the side chain fracture reaction of single-ring or multi-ring compounds, and the aromatization reaction of alkenes, cycloalkanes, and cycloalkenes. The composition of liquid products at 450–500℃ is significantly higher than that at lower temperature segments. The new monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are mainly alkylbenzene, such as hexyl benzene and dodecylbenzene, generated from monocyclic aromatic and olefin through alkylation. According to XRD analysis (Supplementary Figure S2) results of OS and sand, Al and Cl are present, which may be from the acidic catalysts, providing conditions for alkylation reactions. PAHs include naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo. There are two possible ways to generate PAHs: one is the continuous dehydrogenation condensation reaction of single or multi-ring compounds; the other is that the residual gelatinous asphaltenes in OS are cracked, and PAHs are released.