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Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The acid-catalyzed alkylation of benzene with alkenes is an established commercial process to produce a wide range of alkylbenzenes. The alkylation of benzene with ethylene (CH2=CH2) and propylene (CH3CH=CH2) is used to manufacture ethylbenzene (C6H5CH2CH3) and isopropyl benzene [C6H5CH(CH3)2] which are the intermediates in styrene and phenol production, respectively (Weissermel and Arpe, 2003). In addition, ethylene and propylene can be replaced by ethane and propane (Kato et al., 2001; Huang et al., 2007). The alkylation of benzene with low molecular weight alkane derivatives occurs in the gas phase in the presence of solid bifunctional metal-acid catalysts, which includes the dehydrogenation of alkane on metal sites to form alkene and hydrogen (step 1) followed by the alkylation of benzene with the alkene on acid sites (step 2) (Alotaibi et al., 2017).
A study on the reaction mechanism of microwave pyrolysis of oily sludge by products analysis and ReaxFF MD simulation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Yanjun Wen, Wenxuan Li, Yingshen Xie, Zhiwen Qin, Meixia Gu, Tianli Wang, Yingfei Hou
From the GC×GC-MS analysis shown in Supplementary Table S1, it can be found that there are about 285 kinds of compounds in the liquid products at 300–350℃. The distribution of liquid products is similar to the oil extracted from the OS analyzed in Table 2. The liquid products in this temperature segment are mainly derived from oil volatilization in OS. Low boiling point compounds below C10 disappear in liquid products between 350 and 400℃ and reappear in liquid products between 400 and 450℃. At this stage, the content of hydrocarbon compounds in gas products increased significantly, indicating that an obvious pyrolysis reaction occurred between 400℃ and 450℃. The new substances are mainly compounds below C10, including n-heptane, 1-octene, 3-methyl cyclopentene, propyl cyclohexane and benzene, toluene, xylene, and other light aromatic hydrocarbons. It is speculated that the possible reactions at this stage include the C–C bond cleavage reaction of straight-chain alkanes or olefin compounds, the side chain fracture reaction of single-ring or multi-ring compounds, and the aromatization reaction of alkenes, cycloalkanes, and cycloalkenes. The composition of liquid products at 450–500℃ is significantly higher than that at lower temperature segments. The new monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are mainly alkylbenzene, such as hexyl benzene and dodecylbenzene, generated from monocyclic aromatic and olefin through alkylation. According to XRD analysis (Supplementary Figure S2) results of OS and sand, Al and Cl are present, which may be from the acidic catalysts, providing conditions for alkylation reactions. PAHs include naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo. There are two possible ways to generate PAHs: one is the continuous dehydrogenation condensation reaction of single or multi-ring compounds; the other is that the residual gelatinous asphaltenes in OS are cracked, and PAHs are released.