China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Oil
Published in Peter M. Schwarz, Energy Economics, 2023
Oil refining distills crude oil into a variety of value-added products. The first stage is to heat the oil to distill it into lighter and heavier products. The next stage is cracking, breaking longer and heavier carbon chains into shorter and lighter ones. Gasoline is a lighter, more highly valued product that makes up the largest percentage of refined products. Alkylation combines lighter molecules into heavier ones, such as diesel fuel. The optimal distillation mix depends upon the market price of the refined products.
Catalytic Conversion Processes
Published in Marcio Wagner da Silva, Crude Oil Refining, 2023
The main disadvantage of the alkylation processes with a homogeneous catalyst (HF or H2SO4) is the need to handle strong, highly concentrated acid, which leaves greater process safety risks and high maintenance costs, mainly related to avoiding corrosion in piping and equipment.
The Anthrosphere
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Alkylation, the attachment of alkyl groups, such as the methyl group, –CH3, to an organic molecule in the synthesis of a variety of compounds is commonly carried out using potentially toxic alkyl halides or alkyl sulfates in the presence of a base, which tends to produce significant quantities of waste salts. Relatively nontoxic dialkyl carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (shown here) can be safer alternatives for some kinds of alkylation reactions, producing generally safe, potentially recyclable alcohols and CO2 as by-products.
A kinetic model and parameters estimate for the synthesis of 2-phenyloctane: a starting material of bio-degradable surfactant
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2023
Sudip Banerjee, Md Aurangzeb, Amit Kumar
Alkylation reaction involves transferring an alkyl group into a molecule. The alkyl group is shared as carbocation, free radical, carbanion or carbene. Alkylation is used industrially to produce basic building blocks to synthesise more elaborate materials. In this connection, a few classic examples are the production of anti-knock gasoline, alkylation of phenol with 1-octene to produce alkyl phenol and synthesis of styrene and xylene from alkylation of toluene with methanol [1].
Modeling, operability analysis and optimization of isooctane production over solid catalyst
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Hossain Ghahraloud, Mohammad Farsi
Alkylation is one of the most important refinery processes to produce gasoline from light components. In this process, isobutane and low molecular weight olefins are converted to alkylate product as a low Reid Vapor Pressure, low sulfur content and high octane number component. Alkylate can be added to motor and aviation gasoline to increase octane number. Generally, the alkylation reaction is performed in the presence of a strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric or hydrofluoric acids. In this process, a mixture of iso-paraffin and olefin are fed to the reactor and react and form a mixture of heavier hydrocarbons such as isooctane. Equipment corrosion, transport and handling hazards, and environmental liability associated with the disposal of spent acid, are disadvantages of the acidic catalytic process. Thus, researchers have focused on alternative alkylation catalyst technologies, primarily solid catalysts (Hommeltoft 2001; Feller and Lercher 2004). Among heterogeneous catalysts, zeolites attract more attention compared to other solid catalysts due to lower cost, safe operation and high selectivity. Deactivation by heavy hydrocarbons and coke formation on the catalyst surface is one of the main disadvantages of zeolites (De Jong et al. 1996; Taylor and Sherwood 1997). Different structures are proposed to decrease catalyst deactivation and enhance production rate, such as slurry, fixed bed and fluidized bed reactors (Rao and Vatcha 1996; Liang and Zhu 1997; Ketikidis et al. 1999; Roy et al. 2005). In the Alkylene Technology commercialized by UOP LLC, the alkylation reaction occurs in an adiabatic moving bed reactor over a modified zeolites catalyst (Meyers 2004). The deactivated catalyst in the reactor flows toward regenerator and after regeneration is recycled to the reactor. The AlkyClean Technology proposed by CB&I, is a cyclic process to produce alkylate in multi-stage fixed bed reactors over the zeolite USY catalyst (Lavrenov, Bogdanets, and Duplyakin 2009). In this process, to regenerate the deactivated catalyst, the reactors are changed periodically.