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Bioethanol production
Published in Ozcan Konur, Bioenergy and Biofuels, 2017
Carlos Ariel Cardona Alzate, Carlos Andrés García, Sebastián Serna Loaiza
The lower heating value (LHV) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity (initially at 25°C) and returning the temperature of the combustion products to 150°C (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2012). The LHVs for ethanol and butanol are 29.85 and 37.33 MJ/kg, respectively. In terms of energy content, butanol has a higher capacity to provide energy. However, the current production process to obtain ethanol requires less energy than butanol and the net balance still favors ethanol (Pfromm et al., 2010). Another index used to compare biofuels is the octane rating, which refers to the capacity of a biofuel to withstand compression before detonating (igniting). In broad terms, high-performance gasoline engines require higher compression ratios, and hence higher octane rating, and the use of low-octane gasoline may lead to the problem of engine knocking (Dabelstein et al., 2007). In this regard, octane ratings (measured as Research Octane Number) for ethanol and butanol are 108.6 and 92, respectively (Eyidogan, 2010). The octane rating of n-butanol is lower than the ethanol; hence, in terms of octane rating, ethanol has better performance.
Ethanol
Published in Arumugam S. Ramadhas, Alternative Fuels for Transportation, 2016
Alan C. Hansen, Carroll E. Goering, Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas
High octane helps prevent engine knocking and is extremely important in engines designed to operate at a high compression ratio to generate more power. High compression ratios result in higher energy efficiency. Low-level blends of ethanol, such as E10 (10%v ethanol, 90%v gasoline), generally have a higher octane rating than unleaded gasoline. Low-octane gasoline can be blended with 10% ethanol to attain the standard (M + R)/2 requirements of 87 for regular gasoline. (M + R)/2 is the numerical average of the MON and RON. Abdel-Rahman and Osman (1997) tested 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% volume blends of ethanol in gasoline for use in a variable compression ratio engine. They found that increased ethanol content increased the octane number, but decreased the heating value. They reported that E10 is an optimum blend for gasoline engine applications.
Fuels and other energy sources
Published in Allan Bonnick, Automotive Powertrain Science and Technology, 2020
The octane rating of a fuel is a measure of the fuel’s resistance to knock. A high octane number indicates a high knock resistance. Octane ratings are determined by standard tests in a single cylinder, variable compression ratio engine. The research octane number (RON) of a fuel is determined by running the test engine at a steady 600 rpm while the compression ratio is increased until knock occurs. The motor octane number (MON) is determined by a similar test, but the engine is operated at higher speed. The research octane number (RON) is usually higher than the MON, and fuel suppliers often quote the RON on their fuel pumps. An alternative rating that is sometimes used gives a figure which is the average of RON and MON.
Bioethanol from moringa olefira and pithecellobium dulce leafs: Production and characterization
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Sharmiladevi Nagenderan, Prabhu Rajamamundi, Mohanraj Chandran, K. P. Gopinath
Table 3 exhibits the basic thermal properties of different ethanol samples and their blends. The density of pure ethanol and its blends were higher than the gasoline. The higher density indicates the higher energy content in bioethanol. Kinematic viscosity of pure bioethanol was little higher than the gasoline, and it again increased when ethanol was blended with distilled tire oil. The gross calorific value of ethanol was lower compared to gasoline. But when it mixed with gasoline and tire oil, a calorific value was increased. The calorific value is an important parameter which indicates the capability of fuel to burn. The octane number is a parameter to measure the capability of fuel to prevent the detonation and knocking during combustion. Both motor and research octane number has measured and found that bioethanol has a higher value than pure gasoline. Similarly, the maximum cetane was found with samples which have tire oil presence. The distilled tire oil has better cetane number like diesel (Öztop et al. 2014), also many research were carried with tire oil on diesel engines (Chandran, Rajamamundi, and Kit 2017). But our work focused on the utilization of mixed alternative fuels like tire oil and bioethanol with gasoline on gasoline engines.
Synthesis of biodiesel from chicken’s skin waste by homogeneous transesterification
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2019
Mounir Abid, A. Touzani, R. Benhima
The cetane number is a test defined by ASTM D613. In our case we found a suitable CN60 meeting the standard. The CN refers to the availability of fuel to self-ignite when exposed to high temperatures and pressure in the combustion chamber of the diesel engine (Bamgboye and Hansen 2008). Thus, it is linked to many characteristics such as density and heating rate. The analog of the cetane number for gasoline is the octane number. The CN is ranging from 30 to 40, depending on the type of oils and their degree of purity. Saturated oils (palm, copra) have a higher CN than polyunsaturated oils (linseed oil). In general, they express the self-ignition quality of a fuel. So, the higher the CN, the shorter the ignition time (Hoekman et al. 2012). These indices are small but sufficient to achieve acceptable diesel combustion.
Integral process for obtaining acetins from crude glycerol and their effect on the octane index
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Juan A. Herrada-Vidales, Juan M. García-González, Rafael Martínez-Palou, Javier Guzmán-Pantoja
As it is well known, the octane number is a measurement of the resistance of fuel to detonation and self-ignition within an internal combustion gasoline engine. In this sense, two methods can be employed to evaluate this property: the MON (Motor Octane Number) and RON (Research Octane Number). These two numbers help infer how engines carry out the gasoline combustion and which is their performance under high load or steady load operational conditions (Dabelstein et al., 2007).