China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fire Resistance Tests
Published in Yong Wang, Mahen Mahendran, Ashkan Shahbazian, Fire Performance of Thin-Walled Steel Structures, 2020
Yong Wang, Mahen Mahendran, Ashkan Shahbazian
Depending on the intended function of the tested system, the fire resistance level (FRL) of the tested system is the time when one of the following three fire resistance criteria is reached: Load-bearing – Structural failure due to rapid loss of load-bearing capacity or deflection/deflection rate exceeding their corresponding limits.Integrity – Passage of hot gases/flames through the construction assembly due to crack formation. Integrity failure is determined by using a cotton pad and gap gauges.Insulation – The unexposed side temperature exceeds the ambient temperature by 140° C on average or by 180° C at any point on the unexposed side.
Conceptual model of groundwater flow in a mantled karst aquifer and effects of the epikarst zone
Published in Barry F. Beck, Felicity M. Pearson, Karst Geohazards, 2018
Qualitative fluorescent dye tracing was employed to identify groundwater flow paths and velocities at the site, and to help develop a conceptual model for the bedrock flow system. Because karst features such as sinkholes or sinking streams are absent across the site, the dyes were injected into wells F and G (Figure 5) screened through the epikarst zone and the upper Tuscumbia Limestone. The fluorescent dyes fluorescein and rhodamine WT were injected into well F and the optical brightener Blankaphor BBH was injected into well G. Passive samplers (i.e. activated charcoal and unbrightened cotton pads) were retrieved at weekly to biweekly intervals from detection locations that included on- and off-site wells, springs within a six km radius of the site, and surface streams. Monitoring was performed over a five month period. Cotton pad samplers were scanned for the presence of optical brighteners using a 366 nm long-wave ultraviolet light. Lab analyses of charcoal samplers and selected cotton pads were performed with a scanning spectrofluorophotometer.
Downstream Processing
Published in Debabrata Das, Debayan Das, Biochemical Engineering, 2019
The PFFP is a surface filtration process. The suspended cells enter the frame by pressure and flow through the filter medium (e.g., a thick cotton pad). The filtrate is taken out from the plates. A good number of frames and plates are used to increase the surface area, and consequently large volumes of cell-suspended liquid can be processed. PFFPs are used in Baker’s yeast producing industry. They are also used in the food industry, mining industry, pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, wastewater treatment, etc. The schematic diagram of a PFFP is shown in Fig. 11.5.
Electrodeposition of Fe-Sn from the chloride-based electrolyte
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2019
S. Mrkonjić Zajkoska, R. Mann, W. Hansal, S. Roy, W. Kautek
Galvanostatic Fe-Sn deposits were obtained from Hull cell experiments which were carried out in a standard 267 mL cell (Kocour). A constant current of 1 A was applied for 10 min on a brass substrate. For this purpose, electrolytes (pH∼2.8) with Sn to Fe ion ratios 1:1 and 1:10 were prepared. Attempts to achieve smoother deposits from the Sn:Fe electrolyte 1:10 were made by adding 1.6 mg L−1 of alkoxylated β-napthol15 (ABN). The electrodeposited dendrites were collected on a double sided adhesive carbon tape and investigated with SEM/EDX. In order to study the phase composition and overall stoichiometry of the compact underlying layer, the dendrites were mechanically removed by rubbing with an isopropanol wetted cotton pad. The SEM/EDX investigation was performed on the 1×1 cm sample cut along the 40 mA cm−2 zone of the Hull cell electrode. In the nominal current densities the SEM/EDX samples were cut between 33.78 and 48.44 mA cm−2.16
Infrared thermography reveals effect of working posture on skin temperature in office workers
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
Roope Lasanen, Markus K.H. Malo, Olavi Airaksinen, Jari Karhu, Juha Töyräs, Petro Julkunen
sEMG was recorded with the ME6000 system (Mega Electronics, Finland). Eight Ag/AgCl (CDES000024, diameter = 24 mm; Spes Medical, Italy) electrode pairs were used and sEMG was recorded with a 1-kHz sampling rate. Before installing the electrodes, the skin was gently rubbed and cleaned with an ethanol-soaked cotton pad. Medical-grade tape (Leukoplast; BSN Medical, Germany) was used to ensure that the electrodes remained in place throughout the full measuring period. The sEMG electrodes were placed as illustrated in Figure 2. sEMG was recorded from the splenius (C3/C4 level), trapezius (upper fibers) and rhomboids (T4/T5 level). sEMG was performed while the participants performed their normal working day routine/activities (at least 5 h) and the sEMG electrodes were removed during the last hours of the working day.
Consolidation of Soft Sandstones Used in Historical Constructions. Application to a Case Study
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
Fernando F. S. Pinho, Pedro C. Lamas, Gonçalo C. Teotónio
Considering that the present study may support a future consolidation work, and being the Fort an “oversized” construction, with the exception of total immersion, any application method (brushing or spraying of surfaces; absorption by capillary and absorption through a coating using compresses can be used). Marques (2008) describes a consolidation treatment using a capillary-like mechanism in which a reservoir is used; the consolidant flows from this into a hydrophilic cotton pad in contact with the stone surface. This is surrounded by a polyethylene film that prolongs the contact and prevents its evaporation during the impregnation process.