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Ligand Binding to Macromolecules
Published in Jean-Louis Burgot, Thermodynamics in Bioenergetics, 2019
Cooperativity may occur between two or several sites or two classes of sites. Cooperativity between two sites means that an event that occurs on one site affects the properties of the second site. In positive cooperative binding, the binding power of all the sites is enhanced when, at least, one site of the molecule is occupied. The binding curve is S-shaped (Figure 29).
Supramolecular self-assembly of cytidine monophosphate-di-copper building blocks
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Teresa F. Mastropietro, Giovanni De Munno
Among the different biomolecules which can be used to prepare bio-inorganic hybrid materials, nucleoside and nucleotides have emerged in recent years as useful building blocks for construction of complex nanostructured and functional architectures. These primary constituents of DNA and RNA nucleic acids are formed by a nucleobase, a pentose sugar (ribose or 2′-deoxyribose group), and one, two, or three phosphate groups [10], which endow them with excellent metal coordination properties for both soft and hard metals [11,12]. Besides the presence of multiple binding sites able to coordinate metal ions, these natural molecules show propensity to self-organize in highly ordered self-assembled structures [5, 9, 13,14]. Either discrete polynuclear [15,16] or extended 1D [17,18], 2D [19], or 3D polymeric coordination materials [20–22] have been reported, resulting from the cooperative binding of the nitrogen/oxygen atoms of the nucleobase moieties, the hydroxyls of the sugar rings and/or the oxygen atoms of the phosphate groups.
Assessment of flotation kinetics modeling using information criteria; case studies of elevated-pyritic copper sulfide and high-grade carbonaceous sedimentary apatite ores
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Ahmad Hassanzadeh, Duong Huu Hoang, Mashia Brockmann
The four and five parameter Hill model has been widely used to study sigmoidal dose effect relationships in biochemical and pharmacological contexts. The Hill equation was introduced by Hill[56] to describe the relationship between oxygen tension and the saturation of hemoglobin. In mineral processing context, this model represents comparative binding of the chemical reagents on a particle’s surface. The equation is useful for determining the degree of cooperatively of the ligand(s) binding to the enzyme or receptor. The Hill coefficient provides a way to quantify the degree of interaction between ligand binding sites. It is formally equivalent to the Langmuir isotherm. If k > 1 (positively cooperative binding) and k < 1 (negatively cooperative binding); once one ligand molecule is bound to the enzyme, its affinity for other ligand molecules increases and decreases, respectively. If k = 1 (non-cooperative (completely independent) binding); the affinity of the enzyme for a ligand molecule is not dependent on whether or not other ligand molecules are already bound.