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Hematology
Published in Alan G. Heath, Water Pollution and Fish Physiology, 2018
It is quite common to have an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and/or RBC count in fish residing in acidic water (see Wood and McDonald, 1982 for review). At an acutely low pH, this is largely due to hemoconcentration and swelling of blood cells brought on by a failure to regulate plasma electrolytes (see Chapter 10). There is also a release of erythrocytes from the spleen (Milligan and Wood, 1982). When the exposure to a low pH is of a more chronic type, the hematological increases could be a response to an impaired oxygen transport by the blood. Due to the well-known Bohr effect, the blood will have less affinity for oxygen at a lower pH so stimulation of erythrocyte production would then increase the oxygen capacity and thus partially compensate for this.
Altitude-induced effects on muscular metabolic stress and hypertrophy-related factors after a resistance training session
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Belen Feriche, Brad J. Schoenfeld, Juan Bonitch-Gongora, Blanca de la Fuente, Filipa Almeida, Javier Argüelles, Cristina Benavente, Paulino Padial
As noted above, we observed an unexpected reduction in Pi after the RT in H (~20% minor in H along the 30 min of recovery) compared to N. The maximal aerobic capacity of single muscles is more limited by peripheral factors than central ones during ATP production under no O2 limitations (McMahon & Jenkins, 2002). Thus, throughout the initial hours of exposure to moderate hypoxia, there is an increase in ventilation, submaximal heart rate and cardiac output (Hahn & Gore, 2001), which act as compensatory mechanisms to increase muscle buffering capacity, O2 availably and PCr restauration rate (Ramos-Campo, Rubio-Arias, et al., 2017b). Moreover, the shift to the right of the oxyhemoglobin curve (O2-Hb) during exercise in H (Bohr Effect, the increase in 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and pH elevation), improves the oxygen release in active muscles (Gerbino, Ward, & Whipp, 1996). Taken together, the acute improvements in cardiac function and the O2-Hb curve, combined with the non-predominant aerobic pathway during the RT methodology assessed, could favour recovery between sets, accelerating the regeneration of ATP and PCr in acute H. In accordance with the Pi results, the levels did not change after the training session (Glaister, 2005). Ramos-Campos et al. also found similar serum during RT at normoxia, moderate or severe acute hypoxia (Ramos-Campo, Rubio-Arias, et al., 2017a). Further research is needed to establish the role of the oxygen availability on ATP and PCr resynthesis during intervening rest periods.