China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Drug Delivery
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Sonia Trombino, Roberta Cassano
Some years later Jain and Banerjee have developed different drug carriers, such as nanoparticles of albumin, gelatin, chitosan and between them also solid lipid SLNs, for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride delivery (Jain and Banerjee, 2008). Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum antibiotic having efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, used, in particular, for topical ocular infections like conjunctivitis and keratitis caused by S. aureus (Alonso, 2004; Dillen, 2004). Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride loaded-SLNs, prepared by a warm o/w microemulsion method, showed an average particle size in the range of 73 to 98 nm and a drug encapsulation of about 39%. SLNs were found to be capable to release the drug for prolonged durations up 80 h showing to overcome the burst effect of the free drug, which released in around 70 min. Thus, these particles were found to be promising formulations for prolonged release of ciprofloxacin, particularly, for local delivery in ocular and skin infections.
Spray-freeze-dried Particles as Novel Delivery Systems for Vaccines and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Published in S. Padma Ishwarya, Spray-Freeze-Drying of Foods and Bioproducts, 2022
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is commonly used to treat mild-to-moderate infections in the urinary and respiratory tract caused by susceptible organisms. It acts by binding to the bacterial DNA gyrase, which is the key enzyme for DNA replication. Gram-negative bacteria are more sensitive to the action of ciprofloxacin than Gram-positive bacteria (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2021). Conventionally, liposomal formulations of ciprofloxacin were produced by lyophilization and jet milling, the limitations of which were mentioned in Section 8.1.1. Hence, spray-freeze-drying has been used as an alternative technique to prepare liposomal ciprofloxacin powder. The phospholipid-to-ciprofloxacin and lactose-to-ciprofloxacin ratios in the feed formulation were 5:1 and 17:1, respectively. Strikingly, the highly porous SFD product with large surface area showed improved MMAD (2.8 ± 1 µm) and FPF (60.6 ± 12.2%) than those manufactured by jet-milling (FPF: 45%). Moreover, the particles demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (>70%) in pulmonary fluids such as Bovine mucin, porcine lung lavage and cystic fibrosis sputum (diluted 5X). Also, the SFD-liposomal ciprofloxacin particles exhibited a spontaneous in vitroformation of liposomes in aqueous media, with greater efficiency in ionic solutions. A dry powder aerosol that is capable of lipid formation in the airway surface liquid (ASL) is advantageous as it removes the delicate liposomal particles from its production and delivery stages. Due to its improved MMAD, FPF and spontaneous dissolution ability, the ciprofloxacin released from the SFD-liposomal dry aerosol powder was found to deposit in the most distal tracheobronchial generation, at a concentration of 5 mg/L out of a dosage of 20 mg powder (Sweeney et al., 2005). The above concentration is significantly more than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of various bacteria that cause respiratory infection, such as, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 mg/l), Streptococcus pyogenes (1 mg/L), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (0.004 mg/L), Bacillus anthracis (1.6 mg/L) (Zhanel et al., 2002).
Photocatalytic ozonation degradation of ciprofloxacin using ZnO nanoparticles immobilized on the surface of stones
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Mohammad Malakootian, Hakimeh Mahdizadeh, Abbas Dehdarirad, Majid Amiri Gharghani
Antibiotics are categorized in different ways. One type of classification is based on the existence of β-lactams in their structures. Quinolone is a group of antibiotics (to which ciprofloxacin belongs) that does not contain β-lactams. Ciprofloxacin is an important antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infection caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.[8–10] It has been found in amounts of 1 µg/L in wastewater and surface water, more than 150 µg/L in hospital wastewater and 30 µg/L in pharmaceutical effluent. The presence of ciprofloxacin in water and wastewater has increased concerns related to its adverse effects of genetic and exosystemictoxicity.[11] The continuous entry of antibiotics into water and wastewater will increase bacterial resistance to antibiotics and decrease their effectiveness against bacteria.[12] Ciprofloxacin is highly stable in the environment because of its low degradability.
Preparation and characterization of a novel Fe3O4@PAA@MIL-100(Cr) metal-organic framework for the drug delivery of ciprofloxacin and investigation of its antibacterial activities
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Mahsa Mohebi Forouzan, Mohammad Ali Ghasemzadeh, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Razavian
Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic to treat several bacterial infections. This includes joint and bone infections, intra-abdominal toxicities, certain kinds of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others. For some infections, it is used in adding to other antibiotics. It can be taken by mouth, in eye drops, or intravenously.[18, 19] Ciprofloxacin only treats bacterial infections; it does not treat viral infections such as the public cold. For sure uses including acute sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections, and uncomplicated gonorrhea, ciprofloxacin is not considered a first-line agent.[20, 21]
Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic by TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on a glass plate
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Mohammad Malakootian, Alireza Nasiri, Majid Amiri Gharaghani
Fluoroquinolones constitute one of the major families of antibiotics, which have been under usage in Europe and the USA for the past 20 years. These antibiotics are incompletely metabolized and are excreted mostly through urine and stool. One of the major human antibiotics of the fluoroquinolone family which is prescribed extensively is ciprofloxacin (Paul et al., 2010; Bajpai et al., 2014; Fries et al., 2016; Yoosefian et al., 2017; Hassani et al., 2017b). Ciprofloxacin is employed for treating infectious diseases and is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Evidence has suggested that the first cycle of entrance of these antibiotics into the environment is through human consumption and consequently its introduction into wastewater (Van Doorslaer et al., 2011; Behnajady and Bimeghdar, 2014). The World Water Organization classifies ciprofloxacin as one of the high priority compounds (Fries et al., 2016). Antibiotics enter the body through drinking water. With constant consumption of these antibiotics through drinking water, the human body becomes resistant to these compounds. For this reason, pathogens become resistant to antibiotics. Later, with incidence of any kind of infection in the body, conventional antibiotics are not able to act against microbes. Therefore, it is essential that pharmaceuticals be removed from aqueous solutions before they enter the environmental cycle (An et al., 2010). Due to their poor biological degradation, various physiochemical processes can be used to treat contamination with antibiotics including advanced oxidation, ion exchange, active carbon adsorption, reverse osmosis, and other conventional methods (Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani et al., 2015; Hassani et al., 2017a). Conventional techniques can only cause transference of contaminants from one phase to another and production of secondary contamination, which requires retreatment (Behnajady et al., 2008; Malakootian et al., 2016a; Kiziltaş and Tekin, 2017; Hassani et al., 2018). On the other hand, the advanced oxidation process, as a green technology (Lu et al., 2013), has some advantages such as complete contaminant removal from the environment by converting them into harmless compounds (CO2, H2O) (Bertelli and Selli, 2006).