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Antibiotics: The Battle with the Microbes
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
The tetracyclines were discovered in the 1940s. The first tetracyclines to be introduced were chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, discovered at Lederle Laboratories and Pfizer, respectively. They were found by screening of soil samples. The tetracyclines have a wide spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They also show activity against other types of microorganisms, including protozoa and mycoplasma and were the first drugs to show activity against diseases such as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and typhus. The original compounds have been followed by a number of natural and semisynthetic analogs, such as shown in Scheme 12.5. Most are active by oral administration. The tetracyclines function by preventing association of aminoacyl transfer RNA with the bacterial ribosome. One of the derivatives, doxycycline, has recently been found to be a preventative drug for malaria (see Section 18.1.3.6).
Abiotic Removal with Adsorption and Photocatalytic Reaction
Published in Jayant K. Singh, Nishith Verma, Aqueous Phase Adsorption, 2018
Robert Chang-Tang Chang, Bor-Yann Chen, Ke-Fu Zhou, Qiao-Jie Yu, Xiao-Dan Xie, Mridula P. Menon, Arun Kumar Subramani
Popularly used antibiotics such as tetracycline (tetracycline, TC), oxytetracycline (oxytetracycline, OTC) and chlortetracycline (chlortetracycline, CTC) are three kinds of tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline antibiotics, TCs) that are widely used as broad-spectrum antibacterial agents and feed additives in human medical treatments, animal husbandry, and fisheries. Approximately 50% to 80% of TCs is released as the non-metabolic prototype via excrements of the human or animal bodies, and drained into the sewage system or directly into the water environment [12]. Their typical molecular structures and chemical properties are shown in Table 8.1.
A Pretreatment Method for Analysis of Available Tetracycline in Soils
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2022
Yongning Shi, Yixiang Wang, Haiyan Cao, Xinxin Shan, Yuhong Su
Tetracycline (TC) and its related members (i.e. tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline) represent a group of widely used anti-infective medicines currently used worldwide (Daghrir and Drogui 2013; Zeng et al. 2021). In this paper, TC is selected as the surrogate antibiotic for study because of its wide application in agriculture and its frequent occurrence in various environmental systems (Hamscher et al. 2002; Mojica et al. 2011a; Xiang et al. 2016). TC residues in soils have been reported worldwide (Daghrir and Drogui 2013; Hamscher et al. 2002; Xiang et al. 2016). It was found that TC in the agricultural soils near Valencia City (Spain) ranged from 18.8 to 64.3 μg/kg (Andreu et al. 2009), while the concentrations of the TC-related compounds in vegetable farms ranged from 0.04 to 184.8 μg/kg in Guangzhou (China) (Xiang et al. 2016). Residues of TC in soil may affect the enzymatic activities, soil ecosystem, and crop growth (Kong et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2009; Zielezny et al. 2006; Zuo et al. 2019). Risks posed by antibiotics have become an important issue (Daghrir and Drogui 2013; Hamscher et al. 2002; Jechalke et al. 2014; Kong et al. 2006; Wei et al. 2016; Zhao et al. 2019).
Adsorption of chlortetracycline from aqueous solution by chitin
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Müslün Sara Tunç, Özge Hanay, Burçin Yıldız
Chlortetracycline (CTC), one of the members in tetracycline family, is widely applied in human medicine and animal production to prevent/treat diseases, to increase feed efficiency and to improve growth rate of livestocks (Jia et al. 2017). CTC has lowest absorption (25–30%), which leads to occurrence of unmetabolized CTC in wastewater, agriculture field, surface water and even drinking water (Liang et al. 2017; Pulicharla et al. 2015). According to previous data, the concentration of CTC is reported from several ppb in the effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant to several ppm in pharmaceutical production wastewater (Hou et al. 2016; Karthikeyan and Meyer 2006). High levels of CTC can be found in surface water (122.3 ng/L) (Tong et al. 2014), groundwater (86.6 ng/L) (Tong et al. 2014) and wastewater (1.8 ± 0.5 mg/L) (Hou et al. 2016).