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Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Generally, toluene behaves as a typical aromatic hydrocarbon in electrophilic substitution reactions. The methyl group has greater electron-releasing properties than a hydrogen atom in the same ring position and, thus, toluene is more reactive than benzene toward electrophilic reagent. As example, toluene can be sulfonated to yield p-toluene sulfonic acid (1,4-CH3C6H4SO3H) and is chlorinated by chlorine in the presence of ferric chloride (FeCl3) to yield the ortho and para isomers of chlorotoluene (1,2-CH3C6H4Cl and 1,4-CH3C6H4Cl).
Influence of chlorine atom on thermodynamic and transport properties of binary liquid mixtures at various temperatures (halo-hydrocarbons and 2-methoxyaniline)
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Nagamani Nuvula, Chandra Sekhar Reddy Kuntalo, Gowrisankar Manukonda, Malle Raveendra
The excess parameters (VE and κsE values) for the binary mixtures of 2-methoxyaniline with isomeric chlorotoluenes lie in the order: The more negative excess parameter values in the system 2-methoxyaniline with p-chlorotoluene may be attributable to the chlorine atom in p-chlorotoluene, which is at 4th position in benzene ring causes the least steric hindrance and thus the specific interactions in it are more than of ortho and meta chlorotoluenes. Hence, above order is justified. As can be seen in Table 5, the VE and κsE values are decrease with increasing the temperature due to the hetero association of molecular interaction between the component molecules.
Volatile organic compound concentrations and their health risks in various workplace microenvironments
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Simge Çankaya, Hakan Pekey, Beyhan Pekey, Burcu Özerkan Aydın
The gas chromatography-flame ionization detector was calibrated using seven standard solutions containing 60 VOCs at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 200 µg/mL. They were prepared using a certified standard from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT). For each VOC, R2 values were found to be near 0.999. The least-concentrated standard (0.1 µg/mL) was analyzed seven times. Limits of detection (LODs) were estimated to be 3.14 times the standard deviation. The LODs ranged from 0.0017 (trans-1,2-dichloroethylene) to 0.1221 µg/m3 (toluene). Field (n = 24) and laboratory (n = 7) blanks were taken and subjected to the same procedures. Values for blanks were below the LODs. Repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD), ranged from 2.6% (2-chlorotoluene) to 13.6% (benzene).
Stability limits and consolute critical conditions for liquid mixtures
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2018
Naif A. Darwish, Fahad M. Al Sadoon, Muhammad Qasim
The LLE data for each ternary system in this group at 298.15 K together with the optimized NRTL binary interaction parameters were taken from DECHEMA-Vol 3 (Sørensen and Arlt, 1980). The results of the critical point composition, binodal curve, and spinodal curve are illustrated for two representative systems in this group (that is water (1) + ethanol (2) + toluene (3) and water (1) + ethanol (2) + 1,2 dimethyl benzene (3)) in Figures 5 and 6. The LLE (binodal) data are well described by the NRTL model. There is a consistent trend of having the spinodal curves skewed more to the left with increasing molecular weight of the aromatic species involved. The metastable region on the left (aromatic-rich) side, however, is wider than that on the right (water-rich) side. The critical point compositions for the ternary systems considered in this group are given in Table 1. It is observed from the results in Table 1 that the critical point composition for the (two) ternary systems of dimethyl benzene and the (three) ternary systems of chlorotoluene with water and ethanol are insensitive to the type of aromatic species involved, whereas critical point compositions for benzene and toluene with water and ethanol are dependent on the aromatic species.